INVESCO AGENCY SECURITIES INC.
As
filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on
January 30, 2009
Registration Statement No. 333-151665
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Amendment
No. 4
to
FORM S-11
FOR REGISTRATION
UNDER
THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933
OF CERTAIN REAL ESTATE COMPANIES
Invesco Agency Securities Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its governing instruments)
1555 Peachtree Street, NE
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
(404) 892-0896
(Address, including Zip Code, and Telephone Number, including Area Code, of Registrants Principal
Executive Offices)
Jeffrey H. Kupor
c/o Invesco Institutional (N.A.), Inc.
1555 Peachtree Street, NE
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
(404) 892-0896
(Name, Address, including Zip Code, and Telephone Number, including Area Code, of Agent for Service)
Copies to:
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Jay L. Bernstein, Esq.
Andrew S. Epstein, Esq.
Clifford Chance US LLP
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David J. Goldschmidt, Esq.
Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP
Four Times Square |
31 West 52nd Street
New York, New York 10019
Tel (212) 878-8000
Fax (212) 878-8375
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New York, New York 10036
Tel (212) 735-3574
Fax (917) 777-3574 |
Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after
the effective date of this registration statement.
If any of the Securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or
continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act, check the following box: o
If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule
462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration
statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities
Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the
earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities
Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the
earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o
If delivery of the prospectus is expected to be made pursuant to Rule 434, check the following
box. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated
filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of large
accelerated filer, accelerated filer and smaller reporting company in Rule 12b-2 of the
Exchange Act. (Check One):
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Large accelerated filer o
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Accelerated filer o
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Non-accelerated
filer þ
(Do not check if a
smaller reporting company)
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The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be
necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which
specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in
accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until the Registration
Statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting
pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.
The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell
these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission
is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not
soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any state where the offer or sale is not permitted.
SUBJECT
TO COMPLETION, DATED FEBRUARY , 2009
Shares
Invesco Agency Securities Inc.
Invesco Agency Securities Inc. is a newly organized Maryland corporation that will invest in
mortgage-backed securities for which a U.S. Government agency or a federally chartered corporation
guarantees payments of principal and interest on the securities. We will be externally managed and
advised by Invesco Institutional (N.A.), Inc., a Delaware corporation and an indirect wholly owned
subsidiary of Invesco Ltd., an independent global investment company listed on the New York Stock
Exchange (NYSE: IVZ). We will conduct substantially all of our operations through our operating partnership,
of which we are the sole general partner.
This is our initial public offering and no public market currently exists for our common
stock. We are offering shares of our common stock as described in this prospectus. We
expect the initial public offering price of our common stock to be
$ per share. Our common
stock has been approved for listing on the New York Stock Exchange, subject to
official notice of issuance, under the symbol IVR.
Concurrently with the completion of this offering,
we will complete a private placement in which we will sell
shares
of our common stock to Invesco Ltd., through Invesco Institutional (N.A.), Inc., at $
per share and units of limited
partnership interest
in our operating partnership to Invesco Ltd., through Invesco Investments (Bermuda) Ltd.,
an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Invesco Ltd., at
$ per unit, for an aggregate investment equal to 10% of the gross
proceeds raised in this offering, up to $25 million.
We refer to Invesco Institutional
(N.A.), Inc. and Invesco Investments (Bermuda) Ltd., collectively in this
prospectus as the Invesco Purchaser. Upon completion of this offering
and the concurrent private placement, Invesco Ltd., through Invesco Institutional (N.A.),
Inc., will beneficially own 0.50% of our outstanding
common stock (or 0.43% if the underwriters fully exercise their option to purchase additional shares).
Assuming that all units of limited partnership interest are redeemed for
an equivalent number of shares of our common stock, Invesco Ltd., through the Invesco
Purchaser, would beneficially own 9.09% of our outstanding common stock
upon completion of this offering and the concurrent
private placement (or 8.0% if the underwriters fully exercise their option
to purchase additional shares).
We intend to elect and qualify to be taxed as a real estate investment trust for U.S. federal
income tax purposes, commencing with our taxable year ending December 31, 2009. To assist us in qualifying
as a real estate investment trust, stockholders are generally restricted from owning more than 9.8%
by value or number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of our outstanding shares of common or
capital stock. Different ownership limits will apply to Invesco Ltd.
and its direct and indirect subsidiaries. In addition, our charter contains various other restrictions on the ownership and
transfer of our common stock, see Description of Capital Stock Restrictions on Ownership and
Transfer.
Investing in our common stock involves risks. See Risk Factors beginning on page 16 of this
prospectus for a discussion of these risks.
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Per Share |
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Total |
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Public offering price |
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$ |
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$ |
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Underwriting discount |
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$ |
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Proceeds to us, before expenses |
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$ |
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The underwriters may also purchase up to an additional shares of our common stock
from us at the initial public offering price, less the underwriting discount, within 30 days after
the date of this prospectus to cover over-allotments, if any.
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has
approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or
complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
The shares will be ready for delivery on or about February , 2009.
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Credit Suisse
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Morgan Stanley |
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Barclays Capital
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Stifel Nicolaus |
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The date of this prospectus is February , 2009.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus, any free writing
prospectus prepared by us or information to which we have referred you. We have not, and the
underwriters have not, authorized any other person to provide you with different information. If
anyone provides you with different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. We are
not, and the underwriters are not, making an offer to sell these securities in any jurisdiction
where the offer or sale is not permitted. You should assume that the information appearing in this
prospectus and any free writing prospectus prepared by us is accurate only as of their respective
dates or on the date or dates which are specified in these documents. Our business, financial
condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since those dates.
Until , 2009 (25 days after the date of this prospectus), all dealers that effect
transactions in these securities, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to
deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to the dealers obligation to deliver a prospectus when
acting as underwriters and with respect to their unsold allotments or subscriptions.
SUMMARY
This summary highlights some of the information in this prospectus. It does not contain all
of the information that you should consider before investing in our common stock. You should read
carefully the more detailed information set forth under Risk Factors and the other information
included in this prospectus. Except where the context suggests otherwise, the terms company,
we, us, and our refer to Invesco Agency Securities Inc., a Maryland corporation, together
with its consolidated subsidiaries, including IAS Operating Partnership LP, a Delaware limited
partnership, which we refer to as our operating partnership; our Manager refers to Invesco
Institutional (N.A.), Inc., a Delaware corporation, our external manager; Invesco refers to
Invesco Ltd. together with its consolidated subsidiaries (other than us), the indirect parent
company of our Manager; and OP units refers to units of
limited partnership interest in our operating
partnership. Unless indicated otherwise, the information in this
prospectus assumes (1) the common
stock to be sold in this offering is sold at $20.00 per share, (2) a $25 million investment will be made by the Invesco Purchaser in a private placement
to be made concurrently with the completion of this offering, and (3) no exercise by the
underwriters of their over-allotment option to purchase up to an additional shares of our
common stock.
Our Company
We are a newly-formed Maryland company that will invest in mortgage-backed securities
for which a U.S. Government agency such as the Government National Mortgage Association, or Ginnie
Mae, or a federally chartered corporation such as the Federal National Mortgage Association, or
Fannie Mae, or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, or Freddie Mac, guarantees payments of
principal and interest on the securities. We refer to these securities as Agency MBS. Our Agency
MBS investments will include mortgage pass-through securities and collateralized mortgage
obligations, or CMOs. We will be externally managed and advised by Invesco Institutional (N.A.),
Inc., an SEC-registered investment adviser and indirect wholly owned subsidiary of
Invesco Ltd. (NYSE: IVZ), a leading independent global investment
management company with $357.2 billion in
managed assets as of December 31, 2008, including approximately $10.9 billion of Agency MBS. We expect to conduct all of our operations
through our operating partnership, of which we are the sole general partner.
Our objective is to provide attractive risk adjusted returns to our investors over the long
term, primarily through dividends and secondarily through capital appreciation. We will generate
income principally from the spread between yields on our investments and our cost of borrowing,
including hedging activities. Our Agency MBS investments will be collateralized by a variety of
loans secured by residential real property, including fixed-rate mortgage loans, or FRMs, adjustable-rate
mortgage loans, or ARMs, and hybrid mortgage loans. We intend to construct a diversified investment
portfolio by focusing on security selection and the relative value of various sectors within the
Agency MBS market. We intend to finance our investments through short-term borrowings structured
as repurchase agreements. To date, we have signed master repurchase
agreements with financial institutions, and we are in discussions with
additional financial institutions for repurchase facilities. While lender commitments under repurchase agreements are subject to a number of conditions and
there can be no assurance that any of the financial institutions with
whom we are discussing potential repurchase facilities will enter into financing arrangements with us,
we expect that these repurchase facilities will provide us with sufficient financing to support our
leverage targets.
We will commence operations upon
completion of this offering. We intend to elect and qualify to be taxed as a real estate
investment trust, or REIT, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, commencing with our taxable year
ending December 31, 2009. We generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes on our
taxable income to the extent that we annually distribute all of our net taxable income to
stockholders and maintain our intended qualification as a REIT. We also intend to operate our
business in a manner that will permit us to maintain our exemption from registration under the
Investment Company Act of 1940, or the 1940 Act.
Our Manager
We
will be externally managed and advised by Invesco Institutional
(N.A.), Inc., our Manager. Pursuant to the terms of the management agreement, our Manager will provide
us with our management team, including our officers, along with appropriate support personnel.
Each of our officers is an employee of Invesco. We do not expect to have any
employees. Our Manager is not obligated to dedicate any of its employees exclusively to us, nor is
our Manager or its employees obligated to dedicate any specific portion of its or their time to our
business. Our Manager is at all times subject to the supervision and oversight of our board of
directors and has only such functions and authority as we delegate to it.
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Our Managers investment professionals have extensive experience in performing advisory
services for funds, other investment vehicles, and other managed and discretionary accounts that
focus on investing in Agency MBS. As of December 31, 2008, our
Manager managed approximately $18.4
billion of structured securities, consisting of approximately $10.9 billion of Agency MBS,
$3.5 billion of asset-backed securities, or ABS, $2.1 billion of
non-Agency MBS and $1.8 billion of commercial mortgage-backed securities, or CMBS.
Approximately 77% of our Managers existing Agency MBS portfolio is collateralized
by FRMs and approximately 23% is collateralized by ARMs. We expect that our Manager will continue
to manage its existing Agency MBS portfolio and provide management services to its
other clients, including affiliates of Invesco. Neither our Manager nor Invesco has previously managed or advised a public REIT.
We expect to benefit from our Managers portfolio management, finance and administration
functions, which address legal, compliance, investor relations and operational matters, trade
allocation and execution, securities valuation, risk management and information technologies in
connection with the performance of its duties.
Concurrently
with the completion of this offering, we will complete a private placement in which we will sell shares of
our common stock to
Invesco Ltd., through our Manager, at $ per share and
OP
units to Invesco Ltd., through Invesco Investments (Bermuda) Ltd., at
$ per unit for an aggregate investment equal to 10%
of the gross proceeds raised in this offering, up to
$25
million. Upon completion of this offering and the concurrent private
placement, Invesco Ltd., through our Manager, will beneficially own
0.50% of our outstanding
common stock (or 0.43% if the underwriters fully exercise their
option to purchase additional shares). Assuming that all
OP units are redeemed for an equivalent
number of shares of our common stock, Invesco Ltd., through the
Invesco Purchaser, would
beneficially own 9.09% of our outstanding common stock upon
completion of this offering and the concurrent private placement (or
8.0% if the underwriters fully exercise their option to purchase additional shares).
The Invesco
Purchaser will agree that, for a period of one year after the date of this prospectus, it will not,
without the prior written consent of Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC and Morgan Stanley & Co.
Incorporated, dispose of or hedge any of the shares of our common stock or OP units that it
purchases in the concurrent private placement, subject to certain exceptions and extension in
certain circumstances as described elsewhere in this prospectus.
Invesco Aim Advisors,
Inc., or Invesco Aim Advisors, an affiliate of our Manager, will serve as our sub-adviser pursuant to an agreement between our Manager and Invesco Aim Advisors.
Invesco Aim Advisors will provide input on overall trends in short-term financing
markets, make specific recommendations regarding financing of Agency MBS and provide
execution services to us. We do not expect our Manager to provide these services to
us directly. The fees charged by
Invesco Aim Advisors shall be paid by our Manager and shall not
constitute a reimbursable expense by our Manager under the management
agreement. We expect that the fees charged by
Invesco Aim Advisors to our Manager will be substantially similar to
the fees Invesco Aim Advisors charges to its other clients for
similar services.
About Invesco
Invesco is one of the largest independent global investment management firms with offices
worldwide. As of December 31, 2008, Invesco had 5,325 employees, the majority of whom were
located in North America. Invesco operates under the Invesco Aim Advisors, AIM Trimark, Atlantic Trust,
Invesco, Invesco Perpetual, Invesco PowerShares, and WL Ross & Co brands.
Our Investment Strategy
We will rely on our Managers expertise in identifying assets within our target asset class of
Agency MBS. Our Managers investment team has a strong focus on security selection and the
relative value of various sectors within the agency mortgage market. We expect that the investment
team will make investment decisions on our behalf, which will incorporate their views on the
economic environment and the outlook for the mortgage market, including relative valuation, supply
and demand trends, the level of interest rates, the shape of the yield curve, prepayment rates, and
financing and liquidity, subject to maintaining our REIT qualification and our exemption from
registration under the 1940 Act.
Our Targeted Investments
We will target investments in mortgage pass-through
certificates and CMOs for which the principal and interest payments are guaranteed by a U.S.
Government agency or a federally chartered corporation. Each of these types of Agency MBS is described below.
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Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates. Single-family residential mortgage pass-through
certificates are securities representing interests in pools of mortgage loans secured
by residential real property where payments of both interest and principal, plus
pre-paid principal, on the securities are made monthly to holders of the securities, in
effect passing through monthly payments made by the individual borrowers on the
mortgage loans that underlie the securities, net of fees paid to the issuer/guarantor
and servicers of the securities. |
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CMOs. CMOs are securities which are structured from U.S. Government agency or
federally chartered corporation-backed mortgage pass-through certificates. CMOs
receive monthly payments of principal and interest. CMOs divide the cash flows which
come from the underlying mortgage pass-through certificates into different classes of
securities. CMOs can have different maturities and different weighted average lives
than the underlying mortgage pass-through certificates. CMOs can re-distribute the
risk characteristics of mortgage pass-through certificates to better satisfy the
demands of various investor types. These risk characteristics would include average
life variability, prepayments, volatility, floating versus fixed interest rate and
payment and interest rate risk. |
The types of Agency MBS described above are collateralized by either FRMs,
ARMs, or hybrid ARMs. Hybrid ARMs are mortgage loans that have
interest rates that are fixed for an initial period (typically three, five, seven or 10 years) and
thereafter reset at regular intervals subject to interest rate caps. Our allocation between
securities collateralized by FRMs, ARMs or hybrid ARMs will depend on various factors including,
but not limited to, relative value, expected future prepayment trends, supply and demand, costs of
hedging, costs of financing, expected future interest rate volatility and the overall shape of the
U.S. Treasury and interest rate swap yield curves. We intend to take these factors into account
when we make investments in various types of Agency MBS.
In the future we may also invest in debentures that are issued and guaranteed by Freddie Mac or
Fannie Mae or mortgage-backed securities the collateral of which is guaranteed by Ginnie Mae,
Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae or another federally chartered corporation.
Investment Guidelines
Our board of directors has adopted the following investment guidelines:
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no investment shall be made that would cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT for
federal income tax purposes; |
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no investment shall be made that would cause us to be regulated as an investment
company under the 1940 Act; |
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our assets will be invested in Agency MBS; and |
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until appropriate investments can be identified, our Manager may invest the proceeds of this and any future offerings in
interest-bearing, short-term investments, including money market accounts and/or funds, that are
consistent with our intention to qualify as a REIT. |
These investment guidelines may be changed from time to time by our board of directors without
the approval of our stockholders.
Our Manager has an investment committee, or Investment Committee, comprised of its officers and investment
professionals. The Investment Committee will periodically review our investment portfolio and its
compliance with our investment policies and procedures, including these investment guidelines, and provide to our board of directors an investment
report at the end of each quarter in conjunction with its review of our quarterly results. From time to time, as
it deems appropriate or necessary, our board of directors also will review our investment portfolio
and its compliance with our investment policies and procedures, including these investment guidelines.
Our Financing Strategy
We intend to employ prudent leverage to increase potential returns to our stockholders and to
fund the acquisition of Agency MBS. Our income will be generated primarily by the difference, or
net spread, between the income we earn on our investments in Agency MBS and the cost of our
financing and hedging activities. Although we are not required to maintain any particular leverage
ratio, the amount of leverage we will deploy for particular investments in Agency MBS will depend
upon our Managers assessment of a variety of factors, which may include,
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the anticipated liquidity and price volatility of the assets in our investment portfolio, the
gap between the duration of our assets and liabilities including hedges, the availability and cost
of financing the assets, our opinion of the creditworthiness of our financing
counterparties, the health of the U.S. economy and housing-related markets, our outlook for the level,
slope, and volatility of interest rates, and our outlook for asset spreads relative to the London
Interbank Offered Rate, or LIBOR, curve. Initially, we expect to deploy, on a debt-to-equity basis, seven times
leverage on our Agency MBS. Over time, however, we expect that we will deploy, on a debt-to-equity basis,
from six to ten times leverage on our Agency MBS, although at certain
times our leverage may exceed these estimates.
We expect to finance our investments through short-term borrowings structured as repurchase
agreements. Repurchase agreements are financings pursuant to which we will sell our Agency MBS to
the repurchase agreement counterparty, the buyer, for an agreed upon price with the obligation to
repurchase these assets from the buyer at a future date and at a price higher than the original
purchase price. The amount of financing we will receive under a repurchase agreement is limited to
a specified percentage of the estimated market value of the assets we sell to the buyer. The
difference between the sale price and repurchase price is the cost, or interest expense, of
financing under a repurchase agreement.
Under repurchase agreement financing arrangements, the buyer, or lender, could require us to provide
additional cash collateral (a margin call)
to re-establish the ratio of value of the collateral to the amount of borrowing.
In the current economic climate, we believe that the lender generally
will advance a borrower approximately 90% to 95% of the market value of the
securities financed (meaning a 5% to 10% haircut). A significant decrease in
advance rate (or an increase
in the haircut) could result in the borrower having to sell securities in order to meet any
additional margin requirements by the lender, regardless of market
conditions. We expect
to mitigate our risk of margin calls by employing a prudent amount of leverage that is below what could be used under current advance rates.
Risk Management
As part of our risk management strategy, our Manager will actively manage the financing,
interest rate, prepayment and convexity (the measure of the sensitivity of the duration of a bond to changes in interest rates) risks associated with holding a portfolio of Agency MBS.
Interest Rate Hedging
Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we intend to engage in a variety of interest
rate management techniques that seek on one hand to mitigate the influence of interest rate changes
on the values of some of our assets, and on the other hand help us achieve our risk management
objective.
We intend to utilize derivative financial instruments, including, among others, puts
and calls on securities or indices of securities, interest rate swaps, interest rate caps, interest
rate swaptions, exchange-traded derivatives, U.S. Treasury securities
and options on U.S. Treasury
securities and interest rate floors to hedge all or a portion of the interest rate risk associated
with the financing of our investment portfolio. Specifically, we will seek to hedge our exposure
to potential interest rate mismatches between the interest we earn on our investments and our
borrowing costs caused by fluctuations in short-term interest rates. In utilizing leverage and
interest rate hedges, our objectives will be to improve risk-adjusted returns and, where possible,
to lock in, on a long-term basis, a favorable spread between the yield on our assets and the cost
of our financing. We will rely on our Managers expertise to manage these risks on our behalf. We
may implement part of our hedging strategy through a domestic taxable REIT subsidiary, or TRS,
which will be subject to U.S. federal, state and, if applicable, local income tax.
Market Risk Management
Risk management is an integral component of our strategy to deliver returns to our
stockholders. Because we will invest in mortgage-backed securities, investment losses from
prepayment, interest rate volatility or other risks can meaningfully reduce or eliminate our
distributions to stockholders. In addition, because we will employ financial leverage in funding
our portfolio, mismatches in the maturities of our assets and liabilities can create risk in the
need to continually renew or otherwise refinance our liabilities. Our net interest margins will be
dependent upon a positive spread between the returns on our asset portfolio and our overall cost of
funding. To minimize the risks to our portfolio, we will actively employ portfolio-wide and
security-specific risk measurement and management processes in our daily operations. Our Managers risk
management tools include software and services licensed or purchased from third parties, in
addition to proprietary software and analytical methods developed by Invesco. There can be no
guarantee that these tools will protect us from market risks.
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Our Competitive Advantages
We believe that our competitive advantages include the following:
Significant Experience of Our Manager
The senior management team of our Manager has a long track record and broad experience in
managing mortgage-related assets through a variety of credit and interest rate environments and has
demonstrated the ability to generate attractive risk-adjusted returns under different market
conditions and cycles. As of December 31, 2008, our Manager
managed approximately $18.4 billion of
structured securities, consisting of approximately $10.9 billion
of Agency MBS, $3.5 billion of ABS, $2.1 billion of non-Agency MBS
and $1.8 billion of CMBS.
Approximately 77% of our Managers existing Agency MBS portfolio is collateralized by
FRMs and approximately 23% is collateralized by ARMs. We expect that our Manager will continue to manage its existing
Agency MBS portfolio and provide management services to its other clients, including affiliates of Invesco.
Our Managers dedicated investment team of 11 professionals has extensive experience analyzing and
investing in portfolios of structured securities, including Agency MBS. In addition, an Investment
Committee which has a long history of investing in structured securities, including Agency MBS,
will oversee our investments and compliance with our investment guidelines. We expect to benefit
from this varied expertise, and believe that our Managers investment team provides us with a
competitive advantage relative to companies investing in Agency MBS that have management teams with
less experience.
Access to Extensive Repurchase Agreement Financing and Other Strategic Relationships
An affiliate of our Manager and a sub-adviser to us, Invesco Aim Advisors, has been active in the
repurchase agreement lending market since 1980 and currently has master repurchase agreements in place
with a number of counterparties. At December 31, 2008, Invesco Aim Advisors had provided repurchase
agreement financing to these counterparties equal to approximately
$16.5 billion, including approximately
$2.2 billion of Agency MBS. The portion of Invesco Aim Advisors outstanding repurchase agreement
loans at December 31, 2008 attributable to Agency MBS was less than historical levels due to disruptions
in the financial markets during 2008, including the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy, the Reserve Primary
Fund breaking the buck and other general credit and liquidity concerns. During 2009, Invesco Aim
Advisors is seeing easing in certain credit markets and is optimistic that a recent
increase in Agency MBS lending will continue and expand.
To date, we have signed master repurchase agreements with financial
institutions, and we are in discussions with additional financial institutions for repurchase facilities. Many of the financial institutions with whom we are speaking
have long-standing relationships with Invesco Aim Advisors.
Invesco Aim Advisors has in place a documented process to mitigate counterparty risk.
Our Manager, together with a dedicated team of professionals at Invesco Aim Advisors pursuant to a sub-advisory agreement between our Manager and Invesco Aim Advisors, follows this established process.
During these volatile times in
which a number of repurchase agreement counterparties have either defaulted or ceased to exist, we
feel that it is critical to have controls in place that address this recent disruption in the
markets. All repurchase agreement counterparty approval requests must be
submitted to the team of nine professionals at Invesco Aim Advisors and undergo a rigorous review and approval process to determine whether the
proposed counterparty meets established criteria.
This process involves a credit analysis of each prospective counterparty to ensure that
it meets Invesco Aim Advisors internal credit risk requirements, a review of the counterpartys audited
financial statements, credit ratings and clearing arrangements, and a regulatory background check. In addition, all approved counterparties are monitored
on an ongoing basis by Invesco Aim Advisors credit team and, if they deem a credit situation to be deteriorating, they have the ability
to restrict or terminate trading with this counterparty. We do not
expect to enter into any hedging transactions to mitigate any risks
associated with our repurchase agreement counterparties.
Our Manager and its affiliates, including Invesco Aim Advisors, maintain extensive long-term relationships with other financial
intermediaries, including primary dealers, leading investment banks, brokerage firms, leading
mortgage originators and commercial banks. We believe these relationships will enhance our ability
to source, finance and hedge investment opportunities and, thus, enable us to grow in various
credit and interest rate environments. In addition, we believe our Managers and its affiliates, including Invesco Aim Advisors,
contacts with numerous investment grade derivative and lending counterparties will assist us in
implementing our financing and hedging strategies.
Disciplined Investment Approach
We will seek to maximize our risk-adjusted returns through our Managers disciplined
investment approach, which relies on rigorous quantitative and qualitative analysis. Our Manager
will monitor our overall portfolio risk and evaluate the
characteristics of our investments in
Agency MBS including, but not limited to, loan balance distribution, geographic concentration,
property type, occupancy, periodic and lifetime interest rate cap, weighted-average loan-to-value
and weighted-average credit score. As a newly organized company with no historical investments, we
will build an initial portfolio consisting of currently priced assets and therefore we will likely not be
negatively impacted by the recent price declines experienced by many Agency MBS portfolios. We
believe this strategy and our commitment to capital preservation will provide us with a competitive
advantage when operating in a variety of market conditions.
Access to Our Managers Sophisticated Analytical Tools, Infrastructure and Expertise
We will utilize our Managers proprietary and third-party mortgage-related security and
portfolio management tools to seek to generate an attractive net interest margin from our
portfolio. We intend to focus on in-depth analysis of the numerous factors that influence Agency
MBS including: (1) fundamental market and sector review; (2) rigorous cash flow analysis; (3)
disciplined security selection; (4) controlled risk exposure; and (5) prudent balance sheet
management. In addition, we will utilize these tools to guide the hedging strategies developed by
our Manager to the extent consistent with satisfying the requirements for qualification as a REIT.
Through the use of the tools described above, we will analyze factors that affect the rate at which
mortgage prepayments occur, including changes in the level of interest rates, directional trends in
housing prices, general economic conditions, the
locations of the properties securing the
- 5 -
mortgage loans and other social and demographic
conditions in order to acquire Agency MBS that we believe are undervalued. We believe that
sophisticated analysis of both macro and micro economic factors will enable us to manage cash flow
and distributions while preserving capital. In addition, Invescos proprietary Q-Tech investment
platform, a unique quality control tool that allows our Manager to track, evaluate and communicate
each investment decision in real time, will facilitate our Managers ability to make well-informed
and disciplined portfolio management decisions.
Our Manager has created and maintains analytical and portfolio management capabilities to aid
in security selection and risk management. We intend to capitalize on the market knowledge and
ready access to data across the mortgage-backed securities markets that our Manager and its
affiliates obtain through their established platform. We will also benefit from our Managers
comprehensive finance and administrative infrastructure, including its risk management
and financial reporting operations, as well as its business development, legal and compliance
teams.
Alignment of Invesco and Our Managers Interests
Concurrently with the completion of this offering, we will complete a
private placement in which we will sell
shares
of our common stock to Invesco Ltd., through our Manager, at $ per share
and OP
units to Invesco Ltd., through Invesco Investments (Bermuda) Ltd., at $ per unit, for an
aggregate investment equal to 10% of the gross proceeds raised in
this offering, up to $25 million. Upon completion of this offering
and the concurrent private placement, Invesco Ltd., through our Manager,
will beneficially own 0.50% of
our common stock
(or 0.43% if the underwriters fully exercise their option to purchase additional shares). Assuming
that all
OP units are redeemed for an equivalent number of shares of our
common stock, Invesco Ltd., through the Invesco Purchaser, would beneficially own 9.09% of our outstanding common stock upon
completion of this offering and the concurrent private placement
(or 8.0% if the
underwriters fully exercise their option to purchase additional
shares). We believe that the significant ownership of our common
stock by Invesco Ltd., through the Invesco Purchaser, will align Invesco and our
Managers interests with our interests.
Attractive Risk Profile
We believe that Agency MBS offer attractive returns with minimal credit risk due to the fact
that the principal and interest payments on these securities are guaranteed by a U.S. Government
agency or a federally chartered corporation. We believe that the liquid nature of Agency MBS and
their guarantees enable lenders to provide favorable financing terms relative to other types of
mortgage-related investments.
Tax Advantages of REIT Qualification
Assuming that we meet, on a continuing basis, various qualification requirements imposed upon
REITs by the Internal Revenue Code, we will generally be entitled to a deduction for dividends that
we pay and, therefore, will not be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on our net income
that is distributed currently to our stockholders. This treatment substantially eliminates the
double taxation at the corporate and stockholder levels that results generally from investment in
a corporation.
Recent Market Developments
Since
mid-2007, the residential housing and mortgage markets in the United States
have experienced a variety of difficulties including loan defaults, credit losses and reduced
liquidity. As a result, many lenders have tightened their lending standards, reduced lending
capacity, liquidated significant portfolios or exited the market
altogether, and therefore, financing with
attractive terms is generally unavailable. Since September 2007, we have seen the difference between the yields on Agency
MBS and rates on market financing has increased as the Federal Reserve has lowered the target for the Federal Funds Rate
ten times to a current targeted range of 0% to 0.25%. In response to these unprecedented events, the U.S.
Government has taken a number of actions to improve stability in the financial markets and
encourage lending.
Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008
In
response to general market instability and, more specifically, the
financial conditions of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, on
July 30, 2008, the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008, or
the HERA, established a new regulator for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the U.S.
Federal Housing Finance Agency, or the FHFA.
On September 7, 2008, the U.S. Treasury, the FHFA,
and the U.S. Federal Reserve announced a comprehensive action plan to help stabilize the
financial markets, support the availability of mortgage finance and protect taxpayers. Under this
plan, among other things, the FHFA has been appointed as conservator of both Fannie Mae and Freddie
Mac, allowing the FHFA to control the actions of the two government sponsored enterprises, or GSEs,
without forcing them to liquidate, which would be the case under receivership. Importantly, the
primary focus of the plan is to increase the availability of mortgage financing by allowing these
GSEs to continue to grow their guarantee business without limit, while limiting net purchase
of Agency MBS to a modest amount through the end of 2009. Beginning
in 2010, these GSEs will
gradually reduce their Agency MBS portfolios. In addition, in an
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effort to further stabilize the U.S.
mortgage market, the U.S. Treasury took three additional actions. First, it entered into a
preferred stock purchase agreement with each of the GSEs, pursuant to which $100 billion will
be available to each GSE. Second, it established a new secured credit facility, the
Government Sponsored Enterprise Credit Facility, or the GSECF, available to each of Fannie Mae and
Freddie Mac (as well as Federal Home Loan Banks) through December 31, 2009, when other funding
sources are unavailable. Third, it established an Agency MBS
purchase program, under which the
U.S. Treasury may purchase Agency MBS in the open market. This Agency MBS purchase program will also expire on
December 31, 2009.
Initially, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac each issued $1.0 billion of senior preferred stock to the
U.S. Treasury and warrants to purchase 79.9% of the fully-diluted common stock outstanding of each
GSE at a nominal exercise price. Pursuant to these agreements,
each of Fannie Maes and Freddie Macs mortgage and Agency MBS
portfolio may not exceed $850 billion as of December 31, 2009, and will decline by 10% each year
until such portfolio reaches $250 billion. After reporting a substantial loss in the third quarter
of 2008, Freddie Mac requested a capital injection of $13.8 billion by the U.S. Treasury pursuant
to its preferred stock purchase agreement. Although the U.S. Government has committed capital to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, there can be
no assurance that these actions will be adequate for their needs.
These uncertainties lead to questions about the future of the GSEs in their current form, or at all, and the availability of, and trading market for, Agency MBS. If these actions are inadequate, and the GSEs continue to suffer losses or cease to exist, our business, operations and financial
condition could be materially adversely affected. See Risk FactorsRisks Related to Our CompanyIf the U.S. Governments recent
actions with respect to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are inadequate or ineffective, our ability to
acquire Agency MBS at attractive prices and/or returns, or at all, may be adversely affected.
Guarantee Program for Money Market Funds
In an effort to stabilize the money market fund industry, the
U.S. Treasury on
September 19, 2008 announced the establishment of the Temporary
Guarantee Program for Money Market Funds, through which U.S. Treasury guarantees the
share price of any publicly offered eligible money market mutual fund - both retail and institutional - that
applies for and pays a fee to participate in the program. The temporary
measure will enable the Exchange Stabilization Fund, established in 1934 as part of the Gold
Reserve Act, to insure the holdings of any publicly offered money market mutual fund for both
retail and institutional clients. The current termination date for
the guarantee program is April 30, 2009. The Secretary of the
Treasury, however, may extend the guarantee program to September 18,
2009.
Money
market funds are a vital source of short-term liquidity in the financial markets. Money
market funds provide for repurchase agreement financing by lending cash versus collateral such as
Treasuries and Agency MBS for short periods of time. Pressure on asset prices in the credit
markets has recently caused several money market funds to come under pressure from a pricing and
redemption standpoint. This insurance program will help ease this pressure over time and
should allow lending capacity offered by money market funds to return to more normal levels.
As
we will rely on short-term borrowing in the form of repurchase agreements to fund the
purchase of Agency MBS, we believe that this action should positively impact us by stabilizing a
major source of our anticipated borrowings.
Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 and TARP
On October 3, 2008, President George Bush signed into law the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of
2008, or the EESA. The EESA provides the Secretary of the U.S. Treasury with the authority to
establish a Troubled Asset Relief Program, or TARP, to purchase from financial institutions up to
$700 billion of residential or commercial mortgages and any
securities, obligations or other
instruments that are based on or related to such mortgages, that in each case was originated or
issued on or before March 14, 2008, as well as any other financial instrument that the Secretary of
the U.S. Treasury, after consultation with the Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal
Reserve System, determines the purchase of which is necessary to promote financial market
stability, upon transmittal of such determination, in writing, to the appropriate committees of the
U.S. Congress. As of January 20, 2009, the U.S. Treasury had announced the establishment of the following programs under
TARP.
- 7 -
Capital Purchase Program
The Capital Purchase Program, or the CPP, is a voluntary program designed to encourage U.S.
financial institutions to build capital to increase the flow of financing to U.S. businesses and consumers
and to support the U.S. economy. Under this program, the U.S. Treasury is authorized to purchase up to
$250 billion of senior preferred shares in qualifying domestically-controlled banks, savings associations,
and certain bank and savings and loan holding companies engaged only in financial activities. As of
January 13, 2009, the U.S. Treasury had invested approximately $192 billion in 258 publicly-traded
and private banking organizations under the CPP.
Targeted Investment Program
The Targeted Investment Program, or the TIP, is intended to prevent significant market
disruptions that could result from a loss of confidence in a particular financial institution. The U.S.
Treasury will determine whether a financial institution is eligible for the program on a case by case basis
based on a number of considerations. As of January 16, 2009, the U.S. Treasury had invested $40
billion in two banking organizations under the TIP.
Systemically Significant Failing Institutions Program
The Systemically Significant Failing Institutions Program, or the SSFIP, is intended to provide
stability and prevent disruption to financial markets that could result from the failure of a systemically
significant institution. The U.S. Treasury will consider whether an institution is systemically significant
and at substantial risk of failure, and thereby eligible for the SSFIP, on a case by case basis based on a
number of considerations. As of January 13, 2008, the U.S. Treasury had invested $40 billion in one
institution under the SSFIP. This institution was an insurance company and not a bank. However, banks
are certainly of the types of institutions that are eligible for the SSFIF.
Asset Guarantee Program
The Asset Guarantee Program, or AGP, is designed to provide guarantees for assets held by
systemically significant financial institutions that face a high risk of losing market confidence due in large
part to a portfolio of distressed or illiquid assets. The U.S. Treasury will determine the eligibility of
participants and the allocation of resources on a case-by-case basis. In a report to Congress, the U.S.
Treasury stated that it may use this program in coordination with a broader guarantee involving one or
more other U.S. government agencies. As of January 20, 2008, the U.S. Treasury had released no data
about the use of this program.
We
believe that the relatively low cost capital infusions and other
assistance made available to banking organizations under the TARP
programs will improve the functioning of financial markets as banks make loans supported
by the capital infusions. We further believe that there is a reasonable likelihood that banks will
deploy at least a portion of the capital they receive in the Agency MBS market, resulting in narrower Agency MBS spreads.
We anticipate that narrower spreads on Agency MBS will be offset in part by improved financing
levels and rates, as overall liquidity improves. While we anticipate
spreads on Agency MBS and financing spreads will be positively correlated
going forward, there can be no assurance that this will occur.
Additionally, the amount of tightening that can occur in financing levels and advance rates is limited by the overall low
absolute level of short-term funding rates. Advance rates on repurchase agreement funding
with respect to Agency MBS generally are approximately 90% to 95% (which
means a 5% to 10% haircut), down from 97% (which means a 3% haircut).
As the banks overall capital positions improve because of capital infusions under the TARP programs (and the CPP, in particular), we
believe that they will seek to once again deploy capital through various lending channels,
including repurchase lending.
However, there can be no assurance that the EESA or the TARP programs will have a beneficial impact on the
financial markets, including on current levels of volatility. To the extent the market does
not respond favorably to the TARP programs or the TARP programs do not function
as intended, our business may not receive the anticipated positive impact from the legislation. We
cannot predict whether or when the TARP programs will have any impact and to what extent it will
affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Hope for Homeowners Act of 2008
On July 30, 2008, the Hope for Homeowners Act of 2008, or the H4H Act, was signed into law.
The H4H Act created a new, temporary, voluntary program within the Federal Housing Administration,
or the FHA, to back FHA-insured mortgages to distressed borrowers. The Hope for Homeowners
program, which is effective from October 1, 2008 through September 30, 2011, will enable
certain distressed borrowers to refinance their mortgages into FHA-insured loans.
- 8 -
Ginnie Mae, which guarantees the payment of principal and interest on Hope for Homeowners MBS,
requires that all loans under the H4H Act must be pooled only under the Ginnie Mae II programs
multiple issuer type, MFS. Ginnie Mae will accept loan
packages under the H4H Act to be pooled
in MFS securities with a November 1, 2008 issue date
and thereafter. If a loan in an existing or seasoned pool is refinanced under this program the prepayment speeds
on existing pools may rise. Depending on whether or not the bond was purchased at a premium or
discount the yield may be positively or negatively impacted. Furthermore, the coupons
on new pools generated under this program based on refinanced loans may be lower potentially
negatively impacting our yield on new opportunities.
Other Initiatives
Federal Reserve
During 2008, the Federal Reserve also initiated a number of other programs aimed at improving
broader financial markets, such as establishing a $1.8 trillion commercial paper funding facility
and a $200 billion facility to finance consumer asset-backed securities. The U.S. Treasury committed $20 billion from TARP to support the Federal Reserves $200 billion consumer facility. In addition, in order to
provide further liquidity to financial institutions, the Federal Reserve has provided primary
dealers with access to the Federal Reserves discount window and, in instances of distress,
arranged financing for certain holding entities. For example, in September 2008, the Federal Reserve took action to help American International Group, or AIG, a
large insurance company, avoid insolvency by providing AIG with an emergency $85 billion credit
facility. By November 2008, AIG needed additional help, leading the Federal Reserve, in conjunction
with the U.S. Treasury, to replace the $85 billion facility with a revised emergency government assistance
package totaling over $150 billion ($60 billion of which was a credit facility from the Federal Reserve).
We believe that programs have and will continue to improve
short-term credit markets, including the repurchase financing market.
Given the Federal Reserves actions to date, we believe
the Federal Reserve will remain committed to assuring that short-term credit markets function
efficiently, which, in turn, will reduce our borrowing costs over time. The Federal Reserve
programs are likely to result in both Agency MBS spreads tightening and improved liquidity in this
market. The improved liquidity should increase the availability and attractiveness of repurchase
financing, as banks become more comfortable with their ability to value and, in the event of
default, efficiently liquidate collateral.
On November 25, 2008, the Federal Reserve announced that it will
initiate a program to
purchase $100 billion in direct obligations of Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and the Federal Home Loan
Banks and $500 billion in mortgage-backed securities backed by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie
Mae. The Federal Reserve stated that its actions are intended to reduce the cost and increase the
availability of credit for the purchase of houses, which in turn should support housing markets and
foster improved conditions in financial markets more generally. The purchases of direct
obligations began during the first week of December 2008, and
the purchases of Agency MBS began during the first week of January
2009. The Federal Reserves program to
purchase Agency MBS could cause an increase in the price of Agency MBS, which would
negatively impact the net interest margin with respect to Agency MBS
we expect to purchase.
FDIC
During 2008, the Federal Deposit
Insurance Corporation, or the FDIC,
also initiated programs
in an effort to restore confidence and functioning in the banking system and attempt to reduce
foreclosures through loan modifications. Specifically, the FDIC adopted the Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program, which has two primary components: the Debt Guarantee Program, by which the FDIC will guarantee the payment of certain newly issued senior unsecured debt and the
Transaction Account Guarantee Program, by which the FDIC
will guarantee up to an unlimited amount certain transaction accounts bearing no or minimal interest (e.g. NOW accounts paying no more than 0.50% interest), until December 31, 2009. The FDIC also raised the deposit insurance limits to $250,000 up from $100,000 through December 31, 2009. Additionally, in an attempt to reduce foreclosures, the FDIC encouraged uniform guidelines for
loan modifications, which include reduction of interest rate, extension of maturity and balance
reductions.
Recent Interagency Coordinated Efforts
The Federal Reserve, U.S. Treasury and FDIC on January 16, 2009 announced the execution of
agreements under which they would guarantee large pools of assets held by Citigroup and Bank of
America. We believe this action reflects improved coordination among the principal government
agencies responsible for implementing the U.S. Governments response to the current financial crisis.
The agreement with Citigroup (a non-binding version of which was initially announced
November 23, 2008) provides loss protection on an asset pool of approximately $301 billion of loans and
securities backed by residential and commercial real estate and other such assets, all of which will remain
on Citigroups balance sheet. According to a term sheet released by Citigroup, the first loss position of
$39.5 billion would be absorbed by Citigroup, the second loss position would be absorbed 90% by
Treasury, up to its advance of $5 billion, and 10% by Citigroup, the third loss position would be absorbed
90% by FDIC, up to its advance of $10 billion, and 10% by Citigroup. Additional losses would be
addressed through a loan provided to Citigroup by the Federal Reserve.
- 9 -
The agreement with Bank of America called for the U.S. Treasury and FDIC to provide loss
protection on an asset pool of approximately $118 billion of loans, securities backed by residential and
commercial real estate loans, and other such assets. Under the agreement, the first loss position of $10
billion would be absorbed by Bank of America, and the second loss position would be absorbed 90% by
the U.S. Treasury and the FDIC, up to their advance of $10 billion, and 10% by Bank of America.
Additional losses would be absorbed 10% by Bank of America and the remaining 90% through a loan
provided to Bank of America by the Federal Reserve.
Summary Risk Factors
An investment in shares of our common stock involves various risks. You should consider
carefully the risks discussed below and under the heading Risk Factors beginning on page 16 of
this prospectus before purchasing our common stock. If any of the following risks occur, our
business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
In that case, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose some or all of
your investment.
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We are dependent on our Manager and its key personnel for our
success. In particular, we intend to rely on financing opportunities that will be facilitated and/or
provided by Invesco Aim Advisors, an affiliate of our Manager. |
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Neither Invesco nor our Manager have any experience operating
a REIT or managing a portfolio of Agency MBS on a leveraged basis and we cannot assure you that our
Managers past experience will be sufficient to successfully manage our business as a
REIT with such a portfolio. |
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If the U.S. Governments recent actions with respect to
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are inadequate or ineffective, our ability
to acquire Agency MBS at attractive prices and/or returns, or at all,
may be adversely affected. |
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There can be no assurance that the actions taken by the U.S. and foreign governments, central banks
and other governmental and regulatory bodies for the purpose of seeking to stabilize the financial
markets will achieve the intended effect or benefit our business and further government or market
developments could adversely affect us. |
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There are conflicts of interest in our relationship with our
Manager and Invesco, which could
result in decisions that are not in the best interest of our stockholders. |
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The management agreement with our Manager was not negotiated on an arms-length
basis and may not be as favorable to us as if they had been negotiated with an
unaffiliated third party and may be difficult and costly to terminate. |
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Our board of directors will approve very broad investment guidelines for our Manager
and will not approve each investment and financing decision made by our Manager. |
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We may change any of our strategies, policies or procedures without stockholder consent. |
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We have no operating history and may not be able to successfully operate our
business or generate sufficient revenue to make or sustain distributions to our
stockholders. |
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We have not yet identified any specific investments in Agency MBS. |
- 10 -
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We intend to use leverage for the acquisition of our
investments through borrowings under repurchase agreements, which may adversely affect the
return on our investments and may reduce cash available for distribution to our
stockholders, as well as increase losses when economic conditions are unfavorable.
We are not limited in the amount of leverage we may use. |
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As a result of recent market events, including the
contraction among and failure of certain lenders, it may be more
difficult for us to secure financing. |
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Continued adverse developments in the broader residential mortgage market may
adversely affect the value of the Agency MBS in which we intend to invest. |
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Loss of our 1940 Act exemption would adversely affect us and negatively affect the
market price of our common stock and our ability to distribute dividends, and could
result in the termination of the management agreement with our Manager. |
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We will depend on repurchase agreement financing to execute our business plan, and
our inability to access funding could have a material adverse effect on our results of
operations, financial condition and business. |
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An increase in our borrowing costs relative to the interest we receive on
investments in Agency MBS may adversely affect our profitability and thus our cash
available for distribution to our stockholders. |
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An increase in interest rates may cause a decrease in the volume of newly-issued
Agency MBS which could adversely affect our ability to acquire Agency MBS that satisfy
our investment objectives and to generate income and pay dividends. |
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Hedging against interest rate exposure may adversely affect our earnings, which
could reduce our cash available for distribution to our stockholders. |
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Prepayment rates may adversely affect the value of our investment portfolio. |
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Our failure to qualify as a REIT would subject us to U.S. federal income tax and
potentially increased state and local taxes, which would reduce the cash available for
distribution to our stockholders. |
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Complying with REIT requirements may cause us to forego otherwise attractive
investment opportunities or financing or hedging strategies. |
- 11 -
Our Structure
We were organized as a Maryland corporation on June 5, 2008.
We consider Invesco to be our promoter.
We will
conduct substantially all of our operations through our operating partnership, of which we are the
sole general partner. Subject to certain limitations and exceptions, the limited partners of the
operating partnership, other than us or our subsidiaries, will have the right to cause the
operating partnership to redeem their OP units for cash equal to the market value of an equivalent
number of our shares of common stock, or, at our option, we may purchase their OP units by issuing
one share of common stock for each OP unit redeemed.
The following chart shows our structure after giving effect to this offering
and the concurrent private placement to the Invesco Purchaser:
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(1) |
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Assuming redemption of
all OP
units owned by the Invesco Investments (Bermuda) Ltd. for the equivalent
number of shares of our common stock, Invesco Ltd. would beneficially own
(through the holdings of the Invesco Purchaser) 9.09% of our common stock and the
public would own the remaining 91.01%. |
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(2) |
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We expect IAS Asset I LLC to qualify for an exemption from registration under the 1940 Act
as an investment company pursuant to Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the 1940 Act. We intend to
conduct our operations so that the value of our operating partnerships investment in this
subsidiary as well as other subsidiaries not relying on Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7) of
the 1940 Act will at all times, on an unconsolidated basis, exceed 60% of our operating
partnerships total assets. See BusinessOperating and Regulatory Structure1940 Act
Exemption. |
- 12 -
Management
Agreement
We will be externally managed and advised by our Manager. We expect to benefit from the
personnel, infrastructure, relationships and experience of our Manager to enhance the growth of our
business. Each of our officers is an employee of Invesco. We do not
expect
to have any employees. Our Manager is not obligated to dedicate certain of its personnel
exclusively to us, nor is our Manager or its personnel obligated to dedicate any specific portion
of its or their time to our business.
We will enter into a management agreement with our Manager effective upon the closing of this
offering. Pursuant to the management agreement, our Manager will implement our business strategy
and perform certain services for us, subject to oversight by our board of directors. Our Manager
will be responsible for, among other duties, (1) performing all of our day-to-day functions, (2)
determining investment criteria in conjunction with our board of directors, (3) sourcing, analyzing
and executing investments, asset sales and financings, and (4) performing asset management duties.
In addition, our Manager has an Investment Committee of our Managers professionals that will
oversee compliance with our investment guidelines, investment portfolio holdings, financing and
leveraging strategies.
The initial term of the management
agreement will end two years after the closing of this
offering, with automatic one-year renewal terms that end on the
anniversary of the closing of this offering. Our independent
directors will review our Managers performance annually and, following the initial term, the
management agreement may be terminated annually upon the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of
our independent directors based upon: (1) our Managers unsatisfactory performance that is
materially detrimental to us or (2) our determination that the management fees payable to our
Manager are not fair, subject to our Managers right to prevent termination based on unfair fees by
accepting a reduction of management fees agreed to by at least two-thirds of our independent
directors. We will provide our Manager with 180 days prior notice of such termination. Upon such
a termination, we will pay our Manager a termination fee equal to
three times the management fee described in the table below. We may also terminate the management
agreement with 30 days prior notice from our board of directors, without payment of a termination
fee, for cause, as defined in the management agreement. Our Manager may terminate the management
agreement if we become required to register as an investment company under the 1940 Act, with such
termination deemed to occur immediately before such event, in which case we would not be required
to pay a termination fee. Our Manager may also decline to renew the management agreement by
providing us with 180 days written notice, in which case we would not be required to pay a
termination fee.
Invesco Aim Advisors will serve as our sub-adviser pursuant to an agreement between our Manager and Invesco Aim Advisors.
Invesco Aim Advisors will provide input on overall trends in short-term financing
markets, make specific recommendations regarding financing of Agency MBS and provide
execution services to us. We do not expect our Manager to provide these services to
us directly. The fees charged by
Invesco Aim Advisors shall be paid by our Manager and shall not
constitute a reimbursable expense by our Manager under the management
agreement.
The following table summarizes the fees and expense reimbursements that we will pay to our
Manager:
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Type |
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Description |
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Payment |
Management fee:
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1.50% of our
stockholders equity
up to $500 million
and 1.25% of our
stockholders equity
in excess of $500
million, per annum
and calculated and
payable quarterly in
arrears. For
purposes of
calculating the
management fee, our
stockholders equity
means the sum of the
net proceeds from all
issuances of our
equity securities
since inception
(allocated on a pro
rata daily basis for
such issuances during
the fiscal quarter of
any such issuance),
plus our retained
earnings at the end
of the most recently
completed calendar
quarter (without
taking into account
any non-cash equity
compensation expense
incurred in current
or prior periods),
less any amount that
we pay to repurchase
our common stock
since inception, and
excluding any
unrealized gains,
losses or other items
that do not affect
realized net income
(regardless of
whether such items
are included in other
comprehensive income
or loss, or in net
income). This amount
will be adjusted to
exclude one-time
events pursuant to
changes in accounting
principles generally
accepted in the
United States, or
GAAP, and certain
non-cash items after
discussions between
our Manager and our
independent directors
and approved by a
majority of our
independent
directors. Our
stockholders equity, for purposes
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Quarterly in cash |
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Type |
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Description |
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Payment |
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of
calculating the
management fee, could
be greater or less
than the amount of
stockholders equity
shown on our
financial statements.
We will treat
outstanding limited
partner interests
(not held by us) as
outstanding shares of
capital stock for
purposes of
calculating the
management fee. |
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Expense reimbursement
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Reimbursement of operating
expenses related to
us incurred by our
Manager, including certain salary expenses and other expenses
relating to legal, accounting,
due diligence and
other services. Our reimbursement obligation is not subject to any
dollar limitation.
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Monthly in cash. |
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Termination fee
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Termination fee equal
to three times the
sum of the average
annual management fee
earned by our Manager
during the prior
24-month period prior
to such termination,
calculated as of the
end of the most
recently completed
fiscal quarter.
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Upon termination of
the management
agreement by us
without cause or by
our Manager if we
materially breach the
management agreement. |
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Incentive plan
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Our equity incentive plan includes provisions for grants of restricted common stock and other equity
based awards to our directors or officers or any
employees of our Manager. We do not expect to grant any awards under our equity incentive
plan upon completion of this offering. |
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Conflicts of Interest
We are dependent on our Manager for our day-to-day management and do not have any independent
officers or employees. Each of our officers and two of our directors,
Mr. Armour and Ms. Dunn Kelley, are employees of Invesco. Our management agreement with our Manager was negotiated between related
parties and its terms, including fees and other amounts payable, may not be as favorable to us as
if it had been negotiated at arms length with an unaffiliated third party. In addition, the
obligations of our Manager and its officers and personnel to engage in other business activities,
including for Invesco, may reduce the time our Manager and its officers and personnel spend
managing us.
As
of December 31, 2008, Invesco had $357.2 billion in managed assets,
including approximately $10.9 billion of Agency MBS, and we will compete for investment opportunities directly with our
Manager or other clients of our Manager or Invesco. As of
December 31, 2008,
approximately 94 accounts managed by our Manager had some exposure to
Agency MBS. In addition, in the future our Manager may
have additional clients that compete directly with us for investment
opportunities, although Invesco has indicated to us that it expects that we will be the only publicly-traded REIT advised
by our Manager or Invesco whose investment strategy is to invest substantially all of its
capital in Agency MBS.
Our Manager and Invesco Aim Advisors have an investment allocation policy in place that is
intended to enable us to share equitably with the investment companies and institutional
and separately managed accounts that effect securities transactions in fixed income securities for which our Manager and Invesco Aim Advisors
are responsible in the selection of brokers, dealers and other
trading counterparties. According to this policy,
investments may be allocated by taking into account factors, including but not
limited to investment objectives or strategies, the size of the available investment,
cash availability and cash flow expectations, and the tax implications of an
investment. The investment allocation policy also requires a fair and equitable
allocation of financing opportunities over time among us and other accounts. The
investment allocation policy also includes other procedures intended to prevent any
of its other accounts from receiving favorable treatment in accessing investment
opportunities over any other account. The investment allocation policy may be
amended by our Manager and Invesco Aim Advisors at anytime without our consent.
To the extent our Managers or Invesco Aim Advisors or our business in such a way
as to give rise to conflicts not currently addressed by the investment allocation
policy, our Manager and Invesco Aim Advisors may need to refine its policy to
address such situation. Our independent directors will review our Manager's and
Invesco Aim Advisors compliance with the investment allocation policy. In addition,
to avoid any actual or perceived conflicts of interest with our Manager or Invesco
Aim Advisors, a majority of our independent directors will be required to approve an
investment in any security structured or issued by an entity managed by our
Manager, Invesco Aim Advisors, or any of their affiliates, or any purchase or sale of
our assets by or to our Manager, Invesco Aim Advisors or their affiliates or an entity
managed by our Manager, Invesco Aim Advisors or its affiliates.
We do not have a policy that expressly prohibits our directors, officers, security
holders or affiliates from engaging for their own account in business activities of the
types conducted by us. However, subject to Invescos allocation policy, our code of business
conduct and ethics contains a conflicts of interest policy that prohibits our directors, officers and
personnel, as well as employees of our Manager who provide services to us, from engaging in
any transaction that involves an actual conflict of interest with us.
Operating and Regulatory Structure
REIT Qualification
We intend to elect to qualify as a REIT under Sections 856 through 859 of the Internal Revenue
Code commencing with our taxable year ending on December 31, 2009. Our qualification as a REIT
depends upon our ability to meet on a continuing basis, through actual investment and operating
results, various complex requirements
- 14 -
under the Internal Revenue Code relating to, among other things, the sources of our gross
income, the composition and values of our assets, our distribution levels and the diversity of
ownership of our shares. We believe that we have been organized in conformity with the
requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code, and that our
intended manner of operation will enable us to meet the requirements for qualification and taxation
as a REIT.
So long as we qualify as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax
on our net taxable income we distribute currently to our stockholders. If we fail to qualify as a
REIT in any taxable year and do not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, we will be
subject to U.S. federal income tax at regular corporate rates and may be precluded from qualifying
as a REIT for the subsequent four taxable years following the year during which we lost our REIT
qualification. Even if we qualify for taxation as a REIT, we may be subject to certain U.S.
federal, state and local taxes on our income or property.
1940 Act Exemption
We intend to conduct our operations so that we are not required to register as an investment
company under the 1940 Act. Section 3(a)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act defines an investment company as
any issuer that is or holds itself out as being engaged primarily in the business of investing,
reinvesting or trading in securities. Section 3(a)(1)(C) of the 1940 Act defines an investment
company as any issuer that is engaged or proposes to engage in the business of investing,
reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities and owns or proposes to acquire investment
securities having a value exceeding 40% of the value of the issuers total assets (exclusive of
U.S. Government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis. Excluded from the term
investment securities, among other things, are U.S. Government securities and securities issued
by majority-owned subsidiaries that are not themselves investment companies and are not relying on
the exception from the definition of investment company set forth in Section 3(c)(1) or Section
3(c)(7) of the 1940 Act. The company is organized as a holding company that conducts its
businesses primarily through the operating partnership. Both the
company and the operating partnership intend to conduct their
operations so that they do not come within the definition of an
investment company because less than 40% of the value of their total
assets on an unconsolidated basis will consist of investment
securities. The
securities issued to our operating partnership by any wholly owned or majority-owned
subsidiaries that we may form in the future that are excepted from the
definition of investment company based on Section 3(c)(1) or 3(c)(7) of the 1940 Act,
together with any other investment securities the operating
partnership may own, may not have a value in excess of 40% of the
value of the operating partnerships
total assets on an unconsolidated basis. We will monitor our holdings to ensure continuing and
ongoing compliance with this test. In addition, we believe neither
the company nor the operating partnership will be considered an
investment company under Section 3(a)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act
because it will not engage primarily or
hold itself out as being engaged primarily in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading
in securities. Rather, through the operating partnerships
wholly owned or majority-owned subsidiaries, the
company and the operating partnership are primarily engaged in the
non-investment company businesses of these subsidiaries.
If the value of our operating partnerships investments in its subsidiaries that are excepted
from the definition of investment company by Section 3(c)(1) or 3(c)(7) of the 1940 Act, together
with any other investment securities it owns, exceeds 40% of its total assets on an unconsolidated
basis, or if one or more of such subsidiaries fail to maintain an
exception or exemption from
the 1940 Act, we may have to register under the 1940 Act and could become subject to substantial
regulation with respect to our capital structure (including our ability to use leverage),
management, operations, transactions with affiliated persons (as defined in the 1940 Act),
portfolio composition, including restrictions with respect to diversification and industry
concentration, and other matters.
We expect IAS Asset I LLC to qualify for an exemption from registration under the 1940 Act
as an investment company pursuant to Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the
1940 Act, which is available for
entities primarily engaged in the business of purchasing or otherwise acquiring mortgages and
other liens on and interests in real estate. In addition, certain of the operating partnerships other subsidiaries that we may
form in the future also may qualify for the Section 3(c)(5)(C)
exemption. This exemption generally means that at least 55% of
such subsidiaries portfolios must be comprised of qualifying assets and 80% of each of their
portfolios must be comprised of qualifying assets and real estate-related assets under the 1940
Act. Qualifying assets for this purpose include mortgage loans and other assets, such as whole
pool Agency MBS that the SEC staff in various no-action letters has
determined are the functional equivalent of mortgage loans for the purposes
of the 1940 Act. Although we intend to monitor our portfolio periodically and prior to each
investment acquisition, there can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain this exemption
from registration for each of these subsidiaries.
Qualification for exemption from registration under the 1940 Act will limit our ability to
make certain investments. For example, these restrictions will limit the ability of our
subsidiaries to invest directly in mortgage-backed securities that represent less than the entire
ownership in a pool of mortgage loans, debt and equity tranches
- 15 -
of securitizations and certain asset-backed securities, or ABS, and real estate companies or
in assets not related to real estate.
Restrictions on Ownership of Our Common Stock
To assist us in complying with the limitations on the concentration of ownership of a REIT
imposed by the Internal Revenue Code, our charter prohibits, with certain
exceptions, any stockholder from beneficially or constructively owning, applying certain
attribution rules under the Internal Revenue Code, more than 9.8% by value or number of shares,
whichever is more restrictive, of our outstanding shares of common stock, or 9.8% by value or
number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of our outstanding capital stock. Our board of
directors may, in its sole discretion, waive the 9.8% ownership limit with respect to a particular
stockholder if it is presented with evidence satisfactory to it that such ownership will not then
or in the future jeopardize our qualification as a REIT. In addition, different ownership limits will apply to Invesco. These ownership limits, which our board of directors has determined
will not jeopardize our REIT qualification, will allow Invesco to hold up
to 25% (by value or by number of shares, whichever is more restrictive) of our common stock or up
to 25% (by value or by number of shares, whichever is more restrictive) of our outstanding
capital stock.
Our charter also prohibits any person
from, among other things:
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|
beneficially or constructively owning shares of our capital stock that would result
in our being closely held under Section 856(h) of the Internal Revenue Code, or
otherwise cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT; and |
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transferring shares of our capital stock if such transfer would result in our
capital stock being owned by fewer than 100 persons. |
In addition, our charter provides that any ownership or purported transfer of our capital
stock in violation of the foregoing restrictions will result in the shares so owned or transferred
being automatically transferred to a charitable trust for the benefit of a charitable beneficiary,
and the purported owner or transferee acquiring no rights in such shares. If a transfer to a
charitable trust would be ineffective for any reason to prevent a violation of the restriction, the
transfer resulting in such violation will be void from the time of such purported transfer.
- 16 -
THE OFFERING
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Common stock offered by us
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|
shares (plus up to an additional
shares of our common stock that
we may issue and sell upon the
exercise of the underwriters
over-allotment option). |
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Common stock to be outstanding
after this offering
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shares.(1) |
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Use of proceeds
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We intend to invest the net proceeds
of this offering and the concurrent
private placement of common stock and OP units to the Invesco Purchaser in Agency MBS.
Until appropriate investments can be
identified, our Manager may invest
these funds in interest-bearing
short-term investments, including
money market accounts and/or funds, that are
consistent with our intention to
qualify as a REIT. These initial
investments are expected to provide
a lower net return than we will seek
to achieve from investments in our
targeted investments in Agency MBS.
See Use of Proceeds. |
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Distribution policy
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We intend to make regular quarterly
distributions to holders of our
common stock. U.S. federal income
tax law generally requires that a
REIT distribute annually at least
90% of its REIT taxable income,
without regard to the deduction for
dividends paid and excluding net
capital gains, and that it pay tax
at regular corporate rates to the
extent that it annually distributes
less than 100% of its net taxable
income. We generally intend over
time to pay quarterly dividends in
an amount equal to our net taxable
income, excluding net capital gains.
We plan to pay our first dividend
in respect of the period from the
closing of this offering through
March 31, 2009 which may be prior to the
time that we have fully invested the
net proceeds from this offering in
our targeted investments in Agency
MBS. |
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Any distributions we make will be at
the discretion of our board of
directors and will depend upon,
among other things, our actual
results of operations. These
results and our ability to pay
distributions will be affected by
various factors, including the net
interest and other income from our
portfolio, our operating expenses
and any other expenditures. For
more information, see Distribution
Policy. |
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Proposed NYSE symbol
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IVR |
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Ownership and transfer restrictions
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To assist us in complying with
limitations on the concentration of
ownership of a REIT imposed by the
Internal Revenue Code, our charter generally
prohibits, among other prohibitions,
any stockholder from beneficially or
constructively owning more than 9.8%
by value or number of shares,
whichever is more restrictive, of
our outstanding shares of common
stock, or 9.8% by value or number of
shares, whichever is more
restrictive, of our outstanding
capital stock. See Description of
Capital Stock Restrictions on
Ownership and Transfer. |
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Risk factors
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Investing in our common stock
involves a high degree of risk. You
should carefully read and consider
the information set forth under the
heading Risk Factors beginning on
page 16 of this prospectus and all
other information in this prospectus
before investing in our common
stock. |
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(1) |
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Includes shares of
our common stock to be sold to Invesco Ltd., through our Manager, in a
concurrent private placement. Excludes (i) shares of our common stock that we may
issue and sell upon the exercise of the underwriters over-allotment option in full, and (ii) shares that may be issued by us upon a redemption
of all of the OP units to
be owned by Invesco Ltd., through Invesco Investments (Bermuda) Ltd., upon completion of this offering. |
- 17 -
Our Corporate Information
Our principal executive offices are located at 1555 Peachtree Street, NE, Atlanta, Georgia
30309. Our telephone number is (404) 892-0896. Our website is
www.invescoagencysecurities.com. The contents of our website
are not a part of this prospectus. The information on our website is not intended to form a part
of or be incorporated by reference into this prospectus.
- 18 -
RISK FACTORS
Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider
the following risk factors and all other information contained in this prospectus before purchasing
our common stock. If any of the following risks occur, our business, financial condition or
results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. In that case, the trading price
of our common stock could decline, and you may lose some or all of your investment.
Risks Related to Our Relationship With Our Manager
We are
dependent on our Manager and its key personnel for our success. In
particular, we intend to rely on financing opportunities that have been and will be
facilitated and/or provided by Invesco Aim Advisors, an affiliate of
our Manager.
We
have no separate facilities and are completely reliant on our
Manager. We do not expect to have any employees. Our executive officers are employees of
Invesco. Our Manager has
significant discretion as to the implementation of our investment and operating policies and
strategies. Accordingly, we believe that our success will depend to a significant extent upon the
efforts, experience, diligence, skill and network of business contacts of the executive officers
and key personnel of our Manager. The executive officers and key personnel of our Manager will
evaluate, negotiate, close and monitor our investments; therefore, our success will depend on their
continued service. The departure of any of the executive officers or key personnel of our Manager
could have a material adverse effect on our performance. In addition, we offer no assurance that
our Manager will remain our investment manager or that we will continue to have access to our
Managers principals and professionals. The initial term of our management agreement with our
Manager only extends until the second anniversary of the closing of this offering, with automatic
one-year renewals thereafter. If the management agreement is terminated
and no suitable replacement is found to manage us, we may not be able to execute our business plan.
Moreover, our Manager is not obligated to dedicate certain of its personnel exclusively to us nor
is it obligated to dedicate any specific portion of its time to our business, and none of our
Managers personnel are contractually dedicated to us under our management agreement with our
Manager.
To date, we have signed master repurchase
agreements with financial
institutions, and we are in discussions with
additional financial institutions for repurchase facilities, in order to finance our acquisitions of Agency MBS. Our Manager is in the process of securing additional commitments on our behalf from a number of the counterparties with whom Invesco Aim Advisors has
long-standing relationships. Therefore, if the management agreement is terminated, we cannot assure
you that we would continue to have access to these sources of
financing for our investments.
Neither
Invesco nor our Manager have any experience operating a REIT or
managing a portfolio of Agency MBS on a leveraged basis and we cannot assure you that our Managers past
experience will be sufficient to successfully manage our business as
a REIT with such a portfolio.
Our Manager has never operated a REIT and our management has no experience in complying with
the income, asset, and other limitations imposed by the REIT provisions of the Internal Revenue
Code. The REIT provisions of the Internal Revenue Code are complex, and any failure to comply with
those provisions in a timely manner could prevent us from qualifying as a REIT or force us to pay
unexpected taxes and penalties. In such event, our net income would be reduced and we could incur
a loss. In addition, neither Invesco AIM Advisors nor our Manager has experience
managing a portfolio of Agency MBS using leverage such as repurchase
agreement financing.
- 19 -
There are conflicts of interest in our relationship with our Manager and Invesco, which could
result in decisions that are not in the best interests of our stockholders.
We
are subject to conflicts of interest arising out of our relationship with Invesco and our
Manager. Specifically, each of our officers and two of our directors,
Mr. Armour and Ms. Dunn Kelley, are employees of Invesco. Our Manager and our executive officers may have conflicts between their duties to us
and their duties to, and interests in, Invesco. Our Manager is not required to
devote a specific amount of time to our operations. As of December 31, 2008, Invesco had $357.2 billion in managed assets, including approximately
$10.9 billion of Agency MBS, and we will compete for investment opportunities directly with our
Manager or other clients of our Manager or Invesco. As of December 31, 2008, approximately 94
accounts managed by our Manager had some exposure to Agency MBS. In addition, in the future our
Manager may have additional clients that compete directly with us for investment opportunities,
although Invesco has indicated to us that it expects that we will be the only publicly-traded REIT
advised by our Manager or Invesco whose investment strategy is to invest substantially all of its
capital in Agency MBS. Our Manager and Invesco Aim Advisors have an investment and financing
allocation policy in place intended to enable us
to share equitably with the investment companies and institutional
and separately managed accounts that effect securities transactions
in fixed income securities for which our Manager and Invesco
Aim Advisors are responsible in the selection of brokers, dealers and other trading counterparties.
Therefore, we may
compete with our Manager and Invesco Aim Advisors for investment or financing
opportunities sourced by our Manager and Invesco Aim Advisors and, as a
result, we may either not be presented with the opportunity or have to compete with our Manager and Invesco Aim Advisors to acquire these investments
or have access to these sources of financing. Our Manager and our
executive officers may choose to allocate favorable investments to
Invesco or other clients of Invesco instead of to us.
Further, at times when there are turbulent conditions in the mortgage
markets or distress in the credit markets or
other times when we will need focused support and assistance from our Manager, Invesco or entities
for which our Manager also acts as an investment manager will likewise require greater focus and
attention, placing our Managers resources in high demand. In such situations, we may not receive
the level of support and assistance that we may receive if we were internally managed or if our
Manager did not act as a manager for other entities. There is no assurance that our Managers
allocation policies that address some of the conflicts relating to our access to investment and financing sources, which are described under Management Conflicts of Interest, will be
adequate to address all of the conflicts that may arise.
We will pay our Manager substantial management fees regardless of the performance of our
portfolio. Our Managers entitlement to a management fee, which is not based upon performance
metrics or goals, might reduce its incentive to devote its time and effort to seeking investments
that provide attractive risk-adjusted returns for our portfolio. This in turn could hurt both our
ability to make distributions to our stockholders and the market price of our common stock.
Concurrently with the completion of this offering, we will complete a private placement in which we will
sell shares of
our common stock to Invesco Ltd., through our Manager, at
$ per share
and OP units to
Invesco Ltd., through Invesco Investments (Bermuda) Ltd., an indirect wholly owned
subsidiary of Invesco, at
$ per unit, for an aggregate
investment equal to 10% of the gross proceeds raised in this
offering, up to $25 million. Upon completion of this offering and
the concurrent private placement, Invesco Ltd., through our Manager, will beneficially own
0.50% of our common stock (or 0.43% if the underwriters fully exercise their option to purchase additional shares). Assuming that all OP
units are redeemed for an equivalent number of shares of our common
stock, Invesco Ltd., through the Invesco Purchaser, would
beneficially own 9.09% of our outstanding common stock upon completion of this offering and the concurrent
private placement (or 8.0% if the underwriters fully exercise their option to purchase additional shares).
Each of our Manager and Invesco Investments (Bermuda) Ltd. will agree that, for a period of one year after the date of this prospectus,
neither will, without the prior written consent of Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC and Morgan Stanley & Co.
Incorporated, dispose of or hedge any of the shares of our common stock or OP units that it purchases in the concurrent
private placement, subject to extension in certain circumstances. Each of our Manager and Invesco Investments (Bermuda) Ltd.
may sell any of these securities at any time following the expiration of this one-year lock-up period.
To the extent our Manager or Invesco Investments (Bermuda) Ltd. sell some of these securities, its interests may be less aligned with our interests.
The management agreement with our Manager was not negotiated on an arms-length basis and may not
be as favorable to us as if it had been negotiated with an unaffiliated third party and may be
costly and difficult to terminate.
Our executive officers and two of our five directors are employees of Invesco. Our management
agreement with our Manager was negotiated between related parties and its terms, including fees
payable, may not be as favorable to us as if it had been negotiated with an unaffiliated third
party.
Termination of the management agreement with our Manager without cause is difficult and
costly. Our independent directors will review our Managers performance and the management fees
annually and, following the initial two-year term, the management agreement may be terminated
annually upon the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of our independent directors based upon:
(1) our Managers unsatisfactory performance that is materially detrimental to us, or (2) a
determination that the management fees payable to our Manager are not fair, subject to our
Managers right to prevent termination based on unfair fees by accepting a reduction of management
fees agreed to by at least two-thirds of our independent directors. Our Manager will be provided
180 days prior notice of any such termination. Additionally, upon such a termination, the
management agreement provides that we will pay our Manager a termination fee equal to three times
the sum of the average annual management fee received by our Manager during the prior 24-month
period before such termination, calculated as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal
quarter. These provisions may increase the cost to us of terminating the management agreement and
adversely affect our ability to terminate our Manager without cause.
Our Manager is only contractually committed to serve us until the second anniversary of the
closing of this offering. Thereafter, the management agreement is
renewable for one-year terms;
provided, however, that our Manager may terminate the management agreement annually upon 180 days
prior notice. If the management agreement is terminated and no suitable replacement is found to
manage us, we may not be able to execute our business plan.
- 20 -
Pursuant to the management agreement,
our Manager will not assume any responsibility other than to render the services called for thereunder and will not be
responsible for any action of our board of directors in following or declining to follow its advice or recommendations.
Our Manager maintains a contractual as opposed to a fiduciary relationship with us.
Under the terms of the management agreement, our Manager, its officers, stockholders, members, managers, directors, personnel,
any person controlling or controlled by our Manager and any person providing sub-advisory services to our Manager will not be
liable to us, any subsidiary of ours, our directors, our stockholders or any subsidiarys stockholders or partners for acts or omissions
performed in accordance with and pursuant to the management agreement, except because of acts constituting bad faith, willful misconduct,
gross negligence, or reckless disregard of their duties under the management agreement.
In addition, we have agreed to indemnify our Manager, its officers, stockholders, members, managers, directors, personnel,
any person controlling or controlled by our Manager and any person providing sub-advisory services to our Manager with
respect to all expenses, losses, damages, liabilities, demands, charges and claims arising from acts of our Manager not
constituting bad faith, willful misconduct, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of duties, performed in good faith in accordance
with and pursuant to the management agreement.
Our board of directors has approved very broad investment guidelines for our Manager and will not
approve each investment and financing decision made by our Manager.
Our Manager will be authorized to follow very broad investment guidelines. Our board of
directors will periodically review our investment guidelines and our investment portfolio but will
not, and will not be required to, review all of our proposed investments, except that an investment
in a security structured or issued by an entity managed by Invesco must be approved
by a majority of our independent directors prior to such investment. In addition, in conducting
periodic reviews, our board of directors may rely primarily on information provided to them by our
Manager. Furthermore, our Manager may use complex strategies, and transactions entered into by our
Manager may be costly, difficult or impossible to unwind by the time they are reviewed by our board
of directors. Our Manager will have great latitude within the broad parameters of our investment
guidelines in determining the types of Agency MBS it may decide are
attractive investments for us, which
could result in investment returns that are substantially below expectations or that result in
losses, which would materially and adversely affect our business operations and results. Further,
decisions made and investments and financing arrangements entered into by our Manager may not fully
reflect the best interests of our stockholders.
Risks Related to Our Company
If the U.S. Governments recent actions with respect to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are inadequate
or ineffective, our ability to acquire Agency MBS at attractive prices and/or returns, or at all,
may be adversely affected.
In response to general market instability and,
more specifically, the financial condition of Fannie Mae and Freddie
Mac, on July 30, 2008, the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 established a new regulator for
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the FHFA. On September 7, 2008, the U.S. Treasury, the FHFA, and the
U.S. Federal Reserve announced a comprehensive action plan to help stabilize the financial markets,
support the availability of mortgage finance and protect taxpayers. Under this plan, among other
things, the FHFA has been appointed as conservator of both Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, allowing the
FHFA to control the actions of the two GSEs, without forcing them to liquidate, which would be the
case under receivership. Importantly, the primary focus of the plan is to increase the availability
of mortgage financing by allowing these GSEs to continue to grow their guarantee business
without limit, while limiting net purchase of MBS to a modest amount through the end of 2009.
Beginning in 2010, these GSEs will gradually reduce their portfolios. In addition, in an
effort to further stabilize the U.S. mortgage market, the U.S. Treasury took three further actions.
First, it has entered into a preferred stock purchase agreement with
each of the GSEs, pursuant
to which $100 billion will be available to each entity. Second, it has established a new secured
credit facility, the GSECF, available to
each of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac (as well as Federal Home Loan Banks) through December 31, 2009,
when other funding sources are unavailable. Third, it has established an Agency MBS purchase
program, under which the U.S. Treasury may purchase Agency MBS in the open market. This
Agency MBS purchase
program will also expire on December 31, 2009.
The size and timing of the Agency MBS purchase program is subject to the discretion of the
Secretary of the Treasury, who has indicated that the scale of the program will be based on
developments in the capital markets and housing markets. Purchases under this program have
already begun, but there is no certainty that the U.S. Treasury will continue to purchase
additional agency securities in the future. The U.S. Treasury can hold its portfolio of Agency
MBS to maturity, and, based on mortgage market conditions, may make adjustments to the portfolio.
This flexibility may adversely affect the pricing and availability for our target assets. It is
also possible that the U.S. Treasurys commitment to purchase Agency MBS in the future could
create additional demand that would negatively affect the pricing of Agency MBS that we seek to
acquire.
Although the U.S. Government has committed
capital to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and taken other stabilizing measures, there can be no
assurance that these actions will be adequate for their needs. If the U.S. Governments recent
actions with respect to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are inadequate or ineffective, our ability to
acquire Agency MBS at attractive prices and/or returns, or at all, may be adversely affected.
There can be no assurance that the actions taken by the U.S. and foreign governments, central banks
and other governmental and regulatory bodies for the purpose of seeking to stabilize the financial
markets will achieve the intended effect or benefit to our business and further government or market
developments could adversely affect us.
In response to the financial issues affecting the banking system and financial markets and
going concern threats to investment banks and other financial institutions, on October 3, 2008, the
U.S. Congress enacted the EESA. The EESA provides the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury with the
authority to establish TARP to purchase from financial institutions up to $700 billion of
residential or commercial mortgages and any securities, obligations or other instruments that are
based on or related to such mortgages, that in each case was originated or issued on or before
March 14, 2008, as well as any other financial instrument that the Secretary of the U.S. Treasury,
after consultation with the Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System,
determines the purchase of which is necessary to promote financial market stability, upon
transmittal of such determination, in writing, to the appropriate committees of the U.S. Congress.
The EESA also provides for a program that would allow companies to insure their troubled assets,
including Agency MBS.
On October 14, 2008, the U.S. Treasury announced the CPP, which
is a voluntary program designed to encourage U.S.
financial institutions to build capital to increase the flow of financing to U.S. businesses and consumers
and to support the U.S. economy. Under this program, the U.S. Treasury is authorized to purchase up to
$250 billion of senior preferred shares in qualifying domestically-controlled banks, savings associations,
and certain bank and savings and loan holding companies engaged only in financial activities. As of
January 13, 2009, the U.S. Treasury had distributed approximately $192 billion to 258 publicly-traded
and private banking organizations under the CPP.
On July 30, 2008, the H4H Act was signed into law. The H4H Act created a new, temporary,
voluntary program within the FHA to back FHA-insured mortgages to distressed borrowers. The Hope
for Homeowners program, which is effective from October 1, 2008 through
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September 30, 2011, will
enable certain distressed borrowers to refinance their mortgages into FHA-insured loans.
Ginnie Mae, which guarantees the payment of principal and interest on Hope for Homeowners MBS,
requires that all loans under the H4H Act must be pooled only under the Ginnie Mae II programs
multiple issuer type, MFS. Ginnie Mae will accept loan
packages under the H4H Act to be pooled
in MFS securities with a November 1, 2008 issue date and thereafter.
We believe that there is a reasonable likelihood that banks will
deploy at least a portion of the capital that they receive in the Agency MBS market, resulting in
narrower Agency MBS spreads.
We anticipate that narrower spreads on Agency MBS will be offset in part by improved financing
levels and rates, as overall liquidity improves. While we anticipate
spreads on Agency MBS and financing spreads will be positively correlated
going forward there can be no assurance that this will occur.
Additionally, the amount of tightening that can occur in financing is limited by the overall low
absolute level of short-term funding rates. Advance rates on repurchase agreement funding
with respect to Agency MBS generally are approximately 90% to 95% (which
means a 5% to 10% haircut), down from 97% (which means a 3% haircut).
However, there can be no assurance that the EESA will have a beneficial impact on the
financial markets, including on current levels of volatility. To the extent the market does
not respond favorably to TARP or CPP initiatives or TARP or CPP initiatives do not function
as intended, our business may not receive the anticipated positive impact from the legislation. We
cannot predict whether or when TARP or CPP will have any impact and to what extent it will
affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We
may change any of our strategies, policies or procedures
without
stockholder consent.
We
may change any of our strategies, policies or procedures
with respect
to investments, acquisitions, growth, operations, indebtedness, capitalization and distributions at
any time without the consent of our stockholders, which could result in an investment portfolio
with a different risk profile. A change in our investment strategy may increase our exposure to
interest rate risk, default risk and real estate market fluctuations. Furthermore, a change in our
asset allocation could result in our making investments in asset categories different from those
described in this prospectus. These changes could adversely affect our financial condition,
results of operations, the market price of our common stock and our ability to make distributions
to our stockholders.
We have no operating history and may not be able to successfully operate our business or generate
sufficient revenue to make or sustain distributions to our stockholders.
We were organized in June 2008 and have no operating history. We have no assets and will
commence operations only upon completion of this offering. We cannot assure you that we will be
able to operate our business successfully or implement our operating policies and strategies as
described in this prospectus. The results of our operations depend on several factors, including
the availability of opportunities for the acquisition of assets, the level and volatility of
interest rates, the availability of adequate short and long-term financing, conditions in the
financial markets and economic conditions.
We are highly dependent on information systems and systems failures could significantly disrupt our
business, which may, in turn, negatively affect the market price of our common stock and our
ability to pay dividends.
Our business is highly dependent on communications and information systems of Invesco. Any failure or interruption of Invescos systems could cause delays or
other problems in our securities trading activities, which could have a material adverse effect on
our operating results and negatively affect the market price of our common stock and our ability to
pay dividends to our stockholders.
Maintenance
of our 1940 Act exemption imposes limits on our operations.
The
company intends to conduct its operations so as not to become regulated as an investment company
under the 1940 Act. Because the company is
a holding company that will conduct its businesses through the
operating partnership and its wholly owned or majority-owned subsidiaries, the securities issued by
these subsidiaries that are excepted from the definition of investment company under Section
3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7) of the 1940 Act, together with any other investment
securities the operating partnership may own, may not have a combined
value in excess of 40% of the value of the operating
partnerships total
assets on an unconsolidated basis. This requirement limits the types of businesses in which we may
engage through our subsidiaries. IAS Asset I LLC and certain of the
operating partnerships other subsidiaries that we may form in
the future intend to rely upon the exemption from registration as an
investment company under the 1940 Act pursuant to Section 3(c)(5)(C)
of the 1940 Act, which is available for entities primarily
engaged in the business of purchasing or otherwise acquiring
mortgages and other liens on and interests in real estate. This
exemption generally means that at least 55% of our subsidiaries
portfolios must be comprised of qualifying assets and 80% of each of
their portfolios must be comprised of qualifying assets and real
estate-related assets under the 1940 Act. There can be no assurance
that the laws and regulations governing REITs, including the Division
of Investment Management of the SEC, providing more specific or
different guidance regarding the treatment of assets as qualifying
assets or real estate-related assets, will not change in a manner
that adversely affects our operations. If the company, the operating
partnership or its subsidiaries fail to maintain an exception or
exemption from the 1940 Act, we could, among other things, be required either to (a)
change the manner in which we conduct our operations to avoid being required to register as an
investment company, (b) effect sales of our assets in a manner that, or at a time when, we would
not otherwise choose to do so, or (c) register as an investment
company, any of which could
negatively affect the value of our common stock, the sustainability of our business model, and our
ability to make distributions which could have an adverse effect on our business and the market price for our
shares of common stock.
Risks Related to Financing and Hedging
We
intend to use leverage for the acquisition of our investments through
borrowings under repurchase agreements, which may adversely affect the return on our
investments and may reduce cash available for distribution to our stockholders, as well as increase
losses when economic conditions are unfavorable. We are not limited
in the amount of leverage we may use.
We
intend to leverage the acquisition of our assets through borrowings
under repurchase agreements. Although
we are not required to maintain any particular assets-to-equity leverage ratio, the amount of
leverage we will deploy for
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particular assets will depend upon our Managers
assessment of the risks of those assets.
Although we are not limited in the amount of leverage we
may use, initially, we expect to deploy, on a debt-to-equity basis, seven times leverage on our
Agency MBS assets. Over time, we expect that we will deploy, on a debt-to-equity basis, from six to ten times leverage
on our Agency MBS assets, although at certain times our leverage may
exceed these estimates. The percentage of leverage will vary over time depending on our ability
to enter into repurchase agreements, available credit limits and financing rates, type and/or
amount of collateral required to be pledged and our assessment of the appropriate amount of
leverage for the particular assets we are funding.
Market conditions, which are likely to change over time, could cause one or more of our
potential lenders to be unwilling or unable to provide us with financing or to increase the costs
of that financing. Recent market conditions have affected different types of financing for
mortgage-related assets to varying degrees, with some sources generally being unavailable, others
being available but at a higher cost, while others being largely
unaffected. For example, during 2008, advance rates, with respect to repurchase
agreements decreased from 97% to 95% generally. Repurchase agreement
counterparties took these steps in order to compensate
themselves for a perceived increased risk due to the illiquidity of the underlying collateral. In
some cases, margin calls have forced borrowers to liquidate collateral in order to meet the capital
requirements of these margin calls, resulting in losses.
Our return on our assets and cash available for distribution to our stockholders may be
reduced to the extent that changes in market conditions prevent us from leveraging our investments
or cause the cost of our financing to increase relative to the income that can be derived from the
assets acquired. Our financing costs will reduce cash available for distributions to stockholders.
We may not be able to meet our financing obligations and, to the extent that we cannot, we risk
the loss of some or all of our assets to liquidation or sale to satisfy the obligations.
A decrease in the value of our
Agency MBS assets that are subject to repurchase agreement financing may lead to margin calls which we will have to satisfy. We may not have the funds
available to satisfy any such margin calls and may be forced to sell Agency MBS at significantly
depressed prices due to market conditions or otherwise, which may result in losses. The
satisfaction of such margin calls may reduce cash flow available for distribution to our
stockholders. Any reduction in distributions to our stockholders may cause the value of our common
stock to decline.
We will depend on repurchase agreement financing to execute our business plan, and our inability to
access funding could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial
condition and business.
We use repurchase agreement financing as a strategy to increase our return on investments.
However, we may not be able to achieve our desired leverage ratio for a number of reasons,
including if the following events occur:
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our lenders do not make repurchase agreement financing available to us at acceptable
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certain of our lenders exit the repurchase market; |
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our lenders require that we pledge additional collateral to cover our borrowings, which
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Our ability to fund our Agency MBS depends to a large extent upon our ability to secure
repurchase agreement financing on acceptable terms. Although our
Manager, through its affiliate and our sub-adviser, Invesco Aim
Advisors intends, to arrange repurchase
agreement financing for us with a number of
counterparties, during certain periods of the credit cycle, lenders may curtail their willingness
to provide such financing. In addition, we may be required to enter into reverse repurchase financing arrangements for
which our Manager and Invesco Aim Advisors have limited experience. If we are not able to renew our then existing
financing or arrange for
new financing on terms acceptable to us, or if we default on our covenants or are otherwise unable
to access funds under any of these facilities, we may have to curtail our asset acquisition
activities and/or dispose of assets. In addition, we may compete with
Invesco or other clients of Invesco for
financing opportunities facilitated and/or provided by Invesco Aim Advisors, which could also
affect our ability to access funding.
It is possible that the lenders that will provide us with financing could experience changes
in their ability to advance funds to us, independent of our performance or the performance of our
investments. If one or more major market participants exits the business, it could adversely
affect the marketability of all fixed-income securities, and this could negatively impact the value
of our investments, thus reducing our net book value. Furthermore, if many of our potential
lenders are unwilling or unable to provide us with financing, we could be forced to sell our
investments at an inopportune time when prices are depressed. In addition, if the regulatory
capital requirements imposed on our lenders change, they may be required to significantly increase
the cost of the financing that they provide to us. Our lenders also may revise their eligibility
requirements for the types of investments they are willing to finance or the terms of such
financings, based on, among other factors, the regulatory environment and their management of
perceived risk, particularly with respect to assignee liability. Moreover, the amount of financing
we will receive under our repurchase agreements will be directly related to the lenders valuation
of the Agency MBS that secure the outstanding borrowings. Typically
repurchase financing arrangements permit the lender the absolute right to reevaluate the market value of the assets that secure
outstanding borrowings at any time. If a lender determines that the
value of the assets has decreased, it has the right to initiate a
margin call, requiring the borrower to transfer additional assets to
the lender without any additional advance of funds, repay a portion
of the outstanding borrowings or sell the assets securing the
outstanding borrowings. To the extent we are forced to
sell assets securing borrowings under our repurchase agreements given
market conditions, we may be selling at the same time as others facing similar pressures, which
could exacerbate a difficult market environment and which could result in our incurring
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significantly greater losses on our sale of such assets. In an extreme case of market duress,
a market may not even be present for certain of our Agency MBS at any price.
The current dislocations in the residential mortgage sector
and credit markets has caused many lenders to tighten their lending standards, reduce their lending capacity or exit the market altogether.
Further contraction among lenders, insolvency of lenders or other general market disruptions could adversely affect one or more of our potential lenders and could
cause one or more of our potential lenders to be unwilling or unable to provide us with financing
on attractive terms or at all.
This could potentially increase our financing costs and reduce our access to liquidity. If one or
more major market participants fails, it could negatively impact the marketability of all
fixed-income securities, including our Agency MBS, and this could negatively impact the value of
the assets we acquire, thus reducing our net book value.
Furthermore, because we rely primarily on short-term borrowings, our ability to achieve our
investment objective depends not only on our ability to borrow money in sufficient amounts and on
attractive terms, but also on our ability to renew or replace on a continuous basis our maturing
short-term borrowings. If we are not able to renew or replace maturing borrowings, we could be
forced to sell our Agency MBS at an inopportune time when prices are depressed.
As a result of recent market events, including the contraction among and failure of certain
lenders, it may be more difficult for us to secure financing.
Our results of operations are materially affected by conditions in the financial markets and
the economy generally. Recently, concerns over inflation, energy
price volatility, geopolitical issues,
unemployment, the availability and cost of credit, the mortgage market and a declining real estate
market have contributed to increased volatility and diminished expectations for the economy and
markets.
Dramatic declines in the housing market, with decreasing home prices and increasing
foreclosures and unemployment, have resulted in significant asset write-downs by financial
institutions, which have caused many financial institutions to seek additional capital, to merge
with other institutions and, in some cases, to fail. We rely on the availability of financing to
acquire Agency MBS on a leveraged basis. Institutions from which we seek to obtain financing may
have owned or financed residential mortgage loans, real estate-related securities and real estate
loans which have declined in value and caused losses as a result of the recent downturn in the
markets. Many lenders and institutional investors have reduced and, in some cases, ceased to
provide funding to borrowers, including other financial institutions. If these conditions persist,
these institutions may become insolvent.
As a result of recent market events, it may be more difficult for us to secure financing as there are fewer institutional
lenders and those remaining lenders have tightened their lending standards and have done so in a
manner that now distinguishes between types of Agency MBS. For example, during the month of
March 2008, lenders generally increased haircuts (the difference between the cash we receive from
the counterparty when we initially sell the securities to the counterparty less the value of
those securities) substantially on Agency MBS secured by hybrid
ARMs, and also substantially increased haircuts on CMOs guaranteed by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or
Ginnie Mae, or Agency CMOs, largely dependent upon cash flow structure. A material increase in
haircuts on these securities would likely negatively affect our profitability, liquidity, and the
results of operations.
Our liquidity may also be adversely affected by margin calls under repurchase agreements
because we will be dependent in part on the lenders valuation of the collateral securing the
financing. Any such margin call could harm our liquidity, results of operation, and financial
condition. Additionally, in order to obtain cash to satisfy a margin call, we may be required to
liquidate assets at a disadvantageous time, which could cause us to incur further losses and
adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
As a result of these events, it may be more difficult for us to obtain financing on attractive
terms, or at all, and our financial position and results of operations could be adversely affected.
The repurchase agreements that we will use to finance our investments may require us to provide
additional collateral and may restrict us from leveraging our assets as fully as desired.
We intend to use repurchase agreements to finance our investments. If the market value of the
Agency MBS pledged or sold by us to a financing institution declines, we may be required by
the financing institution to provide additional collateral or pay down a portion of the funds
advanced, but we may not have the funds available to do so, which could result in defaults.
Posting additional collateral to support our credit will reduce our liquidity and limit our ability
to leverage our assets, which could adversely affect our business. In the event we do not have
sufficient liquidity to meet such requirements, financing institutions can accelerate repayment of
our indebtedness, increase interest rates, liquidate our collateral or terminate our ability to
borrow. Such a situation would likely result in a rapid deterioration of our financial condition
and possibly necessitate a filing for bankruptcy protection.
Further, financial institutions providing the repurchase facilities may require us to maintain
a certain amount of cash uninvested or to set aside non-levered assets sufficient to maintain a
specified liquidity position which would allow us to satisfy our collateral obligations. As a
result, we may not be able to leverage our assets as fully as we would choose, which could reduce
our return on equity. If we are unable to meet these collateral obligations, our financial
condition could deteriorate rapidly.
Lenders may require us to enter into restrictive covenants relating to our operations.
When we obtain financing, lenders could impose restrictions on us that would affect our
ability to incur additional debt, our capability to make distributions to stockholders and our
flexibility to determine our operating policies. Loan documents we execute may contain negative
covenants that limit, among other things, our ability to repurchase stock, distribute more than a
certain amount of our funds from operations, and employ leverage beyond certain amounts.
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If a counterparty to our repurchase transactions defaults on its obligation to resell the
underlying security back to us at the end of the transaction term, or
if the value of the underlying security has declined as of the end of that term, or if we default on our
obligations under the repurchase agreement, we will lose money on our repurchase transactions.
When we engage in repurchase transactions, we generally sell securities to lenders (repurchase
agreement counterparties) and receive cash from these lenders. The lenders are obligated to resell
the same securities back to us at the end of the term of the transaction. Because the cash we
receive from the lender when we initially sell the securities to the lender is less than the value
of those securities (this difference is the haircut), if the lender defaults on its obligation to
resell the same securities back to us we may incur a loss on the transaction equal to the amount of
the haircut (assuming there was no change in the value of the securities).
We would also lose money on a repurchase transaction if the value of the underlying securities has
declined as of the end of the transaction term, as we would have to repurchase the securities for
their initial value but would receive securities worth less than that amount.
Further, if we default
on one of our obligations under a repurchase transaction, the lender can terminate the transaction
and cease entering into any other repurchase transactions with us. We expect our repurchase
agreements will contain cross-default provisions, so that if a default occurs under any one
agreement, the lenders under our other agreements could also declare a default. Any losses we
incur on our repurchase transactions could adversely affect our earnings and thus our cash
available for distribution to our stockholders.
An increase in our borrowing costs relative to the interest we receive on investments in Agency MBS
may adversely affect our profitability, and our cash available for distribution to our
stockholders.
As our repurchase agreements mature, we will be required either to enter into new borrowings
or to sell certain of our investments. An increase in short-term interest rates at the time that
we seek to enter into new borrowings would reduce the spread between our returns on our assets and
the cost of our borrowings. This would adversely affect our returns on our assets, which might
reduce earnings and, in turn, cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
Our use of repurchase agreements to finance our investments may give
our lenders greater rights in the event that either we or a lender
files for bankruptcy.
Our borrowings under repurchase agreements may qualify for special treatment under the U.S.
Bankruptcy Code, giving our lenders the ability to avoid the automatic stay provisions of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code
and to take possession of and liquidate the assets that we have pledged under their repurchase
agreements without delay in the event that we file for bankruptcy. Furthermore, the special
treatment of repurchase agreements under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code may make it difficult for us to
recover our pledged assets in the event that a lender party to such agreement files for bankruptcy.
Therefore, our use of repurchase agreements to finance our investments exposes our pledged assets
to risk in the event of a bankruptcy filing by either a lender or us.
Changes in accounting treatment may adversely affect our reported profitability.
In February 2008, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued final guidance
regarding the accounting and financial statement presentation for transactions that involve the
acquisition of Agency MBS from a counterparty and the subsequent financing of these securities
through repurchase agreements with the same counterparty. We will evaluate our position based on
the final guidance issued by FASB. If we do not meet the criteria under the final guidance to
account for the transactions on a gross basis, our accounting treatment would not affect the
economics of these transactions, but would affect how these transactions are reported on our
financial statements. If we are not able to comply with the criteria under this final guidance for
same party transactions we would be precluded from presenting Agency MBS and the related
financings, as well as the related interest income and interest expense, on a gross basis on our
financial statements. Instead, we would be required to account for the purchase commitment and
related repurchase agreement on a net basis and record a forward commitment to purchase Agency MBS
as a derivative instrument. Such forward commitments would be recorded at fair value with
subsequent changes in fair value recognized in earnings. Additionally, we would record the cash
portion of our investment in Agency MBS as a mortgage related receivable from the counterparty on
our balance sheet. Although we would not expect this change in presentation to have a material
impact on our net income, it could have an adverse impact on our operations. It could have an
impact on our ability to include certain Agency MBS purchased and simultaneously financed from the
same counterparty as qualifying real estate interests or real estate-related assets used to qualify
under the exemption to not have to register as an investment company under the 1940 Act. It could
also limit our investment opportunities as we may need to limit our purchases of Agency MBS that
are simultaneously financed with the same counterparty.
We may enter into hedging transactions that could expose us to contingent liabilities in the
future.
Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, part of our investment strategy will
involve entering into hedging transactions that could require us to fund cash payments in certain
circumstances (such as the early termination of the hedging instrument caused by an event of
default or other early termination event, or the decision by a counterparty to request margin
securities it is contractually owed under the terms of the hedging instrument). The amount due
would be equal to the unrealized loss of the open swap positions with the respective counterparty
and could also include other fees and charges. These economic losses will be reflected in our
results of operations,
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and our ability to fund these obligations will depend on the liquidity of our assets and
access to capital at the time, and the need to fund these obligations could adversely impact our
financial condition.
Hedging against interest rate exposure may adversely affect our earnings, which could reduce our
cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we intend to pursue various hedging
strategies to seek to reduce our exposure to adverse changes in interest rates. Our hedging
activity will vary in scope based on the level and volatility of interest rates, the type of assets
held and other changing market conditions. Interest rate hedging may fail to protect or could
adversely affect us because, among other things:
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interest rate hedging can be expensive, particularly during periods of rising and
volatile interest rates; |
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available interest rate hedges may not correspond directly with the interest rate
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the amount of income that a REIT may earn from hedging transactions (other than hedging transactions that satisfy certain requirements of the Internal Revenue Code or that are done through a TRS) to offset interest rate losses is limited by U.S. federal tax provisions
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the credit quality of the hedging counterparty owing money on the hedge may be
downgraded to such an extent that it impairs our ability to sell or assign our side of
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the hedging counterparty owing money in the hedging transaction may default on its
obligation to pay. |
Our hedging transactions, which are intended to limit losses, may actually adversely affect
our earnings, which could reduce our cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
In addition, hedging instruments involve risk since they often are not traded on regulated
exchanges, guaranteed by an exchange or its clearing house, or regulated by any U.S. or foreign
governmental authorities. Consequently, there are no requirements with respect to record keeping,
financial responsibility or segregation of customer funds and positions. Furthermore, the
enforceability of agreements underlying hedging transactions may depend on compliance with
applicable statutory and commodity and other regulatory requirements and, depending on the identity
of the counterparty, applicable international requirements. The business failure of a hedging
counterparty with whom we enter into a hedging transaction will most likely result in its default.
Default by a party with whom we enter into a hedging transaction may result in the loss of
unrealized profits and force us to cover our commitments, if any, at the then current market price.
Although generally we will seek to reserve the right to terminate our hedging positions, it may
not always be possible to dispose of or close out a hedging position without the consent of the
hedging counterparty and we may not be able to enter into an offsetting contract in order to cover
our risk. We cannot assure you that a liquid secondary market will exist for hedging instruments
purchased or sold, and we may be required to maintain a position until exercise or expiration,
which could result in losses.
We may fail to qualify for hedge accounting treatment.
We intend to record derivative and hedging transactions in accordance with Statement of
Financial Accounting Standards No. 133, Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging
Activities, or SFAS 133. Under these standards, we may fail to qualify for hedge accounting
treatment for a number of reasons, including if we use instruments that do not meet the SFAS 133
definition of a derivative (such as short sales), we fail to satisfy SFAS 133 hedge documentation
and hedge effectiveness assessment requirements or our instruments are not highly effective. If we
fail to qualify for hedge accounting treatment, our operating results may suffer because losses on
the derivatives that we enter into may not be offset by a change in the fair value of the related
hedged transaction.
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Risks Related to Our Investments
We have not yet identified any specific investment in Agency MBS.
We have not yet identified any specific investments for our portfolio and, thus, you will not
be able to evaluate any proposed investments before purchasing shares of our common stock.
Additionally, our investments will be selected by our Manager and our stockholders will not have
input into such investment decisions. Both of these factors will increase the uncertainty, and
thus the risk, of investing in shares of our common stock.
Until appropriate investments can be identified, our Manager may invest the net proceeds of
this offering and the concurrent private offering in interest-bearing short-term investments,
including money market accounts and/or funds, that are consistent with our intention
to qualify as a REIT.
These investments are expected to provide a lower net return than we
will seek to achieve from
investments in Agency MBS. We expect to reallocate a portion of the net proceeds from these
offerings into a portfolio of Agency MBS within three months, subject to the availability of
appropriate investment opportunities. Our Manager intends to conduct due diligence with respect to
each investment and suitable investment opportunities may not be immediately available. Even if
opportunities are available, there can be no assurance that our Managers due diligence processes
will uncover all relevant facts or that any investment will be successful.
We may allocate the net proceeds from this offering and the concurrent private placement to
investments with which you may not agree.
You will be unable to evaluate the manner in which the net proceeds of these offerings will be
invested or the economic merit of our expected investments and, as a result, we may use the net
proceeds from these offerings to invest in investments with which you may not agree. The failure
of our management to apply these proceeds effectively or find investments that meet our investment
criteria in sufficient time or on acceptable terms could result in unfavorable returns, could cause
a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations
and ability to make distributions to our stockholders, and could cause the value of our common
stock to decline.
Because assets we expect to acquire may experience periods of illiquidity, we may lose profits or
be prevented from earning capital gains if we cannot sell mortgage-related assets at an opportune
time.
We bear the risk of being unable to dispose of our Agency MBS at advantageous times or in a
timely manner because mortgage-related assets generally experience periods of illiquidity,
including the recent period of delinquencies and defaults with respect to residential mortgage
loans. The lack of liquidity may result from the absence of a willing buyer or an established
market for these assets, as well as legal or contractual restrictions on resale or the
unavailability of financing for these assets. As a result, our ability to vary our portfolio in
response to changes in economic and other conditions may be relatively limited, which may cause us
to incur losses.
The lack of liquidity in our investments may adversely affect our business.
We may invest in Agency MBS that are not publicly traded. A portion of these securities may
be subject to legal and other restrictions on resale or will otherwise be less liquid than
publicly-traded securities. The illiquidity of our investments may make it difficult for us to
sell such investments if the need or desire arises. In addition, if we are required to liquidate
all or a portion of our portfolio quickly, we may realize significantly less than the value at
which we have previously recorded our investments. Further, we may face other restrictions on our
ability to liquidate an investment in a business entity to the extent that we or our Manager has or
could be attributed with material, non-public information regarding such business entity. As a
result, our ability to vary our portfolio in response to changes in economic and other conditions
may be relatively limited, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial
condition.
Our investments may be concentrated and will be subject to risk of default.
While we intend to diversify our portfolio of investments in the manner described in this
prospectus, we are not required to observe specific diversification criteria, except as may be set
forth in the investment guidelines adopted by our board of directors. Therefore, our investments
in Agency MBS may at times be concentrated in certain property types that are subject to higher
risk of foreclosure, or secured by properties concentrated in a limited number of geographic
locations. To the extent that our portfolio is concentrated in any one region or type of security,
downturns relating generally to such region or type of security may result in defaults on a number
of our investments within a short time period, which may reduce our net income and the value of our
common stock and accordingly reduce our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders.
- 27 -
Continued adverse developments in the broader residential mortgage market may adversely affect the
value of the Agency MBS in which we intend to invest.
During the past year, the residential mortgage market in the United States has experienced a variety of
difficulties and changed economic conditions, including recent increases in defaults, credit losses
and liquidity concerns. Over the last few months, news of security liquidations has
increased the volatility of many financial assets, including Agency MBS and other
high-quality residential MBS, or RMBS, assets.
RMBS that originated in 2006 and 2007 have experienced a higher and earlier than expected rate of
delinquencies. Additionally, other, earlier vintages of RMBS, may not be performing as expected.
Many RMBS have been downgraded by the rating agencies during the past year and the rating agencies
may in the future downgrade RMBS. The increase in delinquencies described above has not been
limited to subprime mortgage loans, which are made to borrowers with impaired credit. The
increase in delinquencies has also affected Alt-A mortgage loans, which are made to borrowers
with limited documentation, and also prime mortgage loans, which are made to borrowers with
excellent credit who provide full documentation.
As a result, values for RMBS assets, including some
Agency MBS and other AAA-rated RMBS assets, were negatively impacted. Further increased
volatility and deterioration in the broader residential mortgage and RMBS markets may adversely
affect the performance and market value of the Agency MBS in which we intend to invest.
During the past year, housing prices and appraisal values in many states have declined or
stopped appreciating after extended periods of significant appreciation. A continued decline or
an extended flattening of those values may result in additional increases in delinquencies and
losses on residential mortgage loans generally, particularly with respect to second homes and
investor properties and with respect to any residential mortgage loans whose aggregate loan amounts
(including any subordinate liens) are close to or greater than the related property values.
Another factor that may in the future contribute to higher delinquency rates is the potential
increase in monthly payments on ARMs. Borrowers with ARMs may be exposed to increased monthly
payments if the related mortgage interest rate adjusts upward from the initial fixed rate or a low
introductory rate, as applicable, in effect during the initial period of the mortgage loan to the
rate computed in accordance with the applicable index and margin. This increase in borrowers
monthly payments, together with any increase in prevailing market interest rates, after the initial
fixed-rate period, may result in significantly increased monthly payments for borrowers with
ARMs and an increase in default on their obligations.
Current market conditions may impair borrowers ability to refinance or sell their properties,
which may contribute to higher delinquency and default rates. Borrowers seeking to avoid increased
monthly payments by refinancing may no longer be able to find available replacement loans at
comparably low interest rates. A decline in housing prices may also leave borrowers with
insufficient equity in their homes to permit them to refinance. Borrowers who intended to sell
their homes or refinance their existing mortgage loans on or before the expiration of the
fixed-rate periods on their mortgage loans may find that they cannot sell their property for an
amount equal to or greater than the unpaid principal balance of their loans or obtain new financing
at lower rates. In addition, some mortgage loans may include prepayment premiums that may further
inhibit refinancing.
We intend to invest the net proceeds of this offering in Agency MBS. Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac
or Ginnie Mae guarantee the interest and principal payments on the securities we intend to purchase
even if the borrowers of the underlying mortgages default on their payments. We will need to rely
on our Agency MBS as collateral for our financings. Any decline in their value, or
perceived market uncertainty about their value, would likely make it difficult for us to obtain
financing on attractive terms or at all, or maintain our compliance with terms of any financing
arrangements already in place. The Agency MBS we intend to acquire will be classified for
accounting purposes as available-for-sale. All assets classified as available-for-sale will be
reported at fair value, based on market prices from third-party sources, with unrealized gains and
losses excluded from earnings and reported as a separate component of stockholders equity. As a
result, a decline in fair values may reduce the book value of our assets. Moreover, if the decline
in fair value of an available-for-sale security is other-than temporary, such decline will reduce
earnings. If market conditions result in a decline in the value of our Agency MBS, our
financial position and results of operations could be adversely affected.
Continued adverse developments in the residential mortgage market, including recent increases in
defaults, credit losses and liquidity concerns, could make it difficult for us to borrow money to
acquire Agency MBS on a leveraged basis, on attractive terms or at all, which could adversely
affect our profitability.
We intend to rely on the availability of financing to acquire Agency MBS on a leveraged
basis. Since mid-2008, there have been several announcements of proposed mergers, acquisitions
or bankruptcies of investment banks and commercial banks that have historically acted as repurchase
agreement counterparties. This has resulted in a fewer number of potential repurchase agreement
counterparties operating in the market. In addition, many commercial banks, investment banks and
insurance companies have announced extensive losses from exposure to the residential mortgage
market. These losses have reduced financial industry capital, leading to reduced liquidity for
some institutions.
Institutions from which we will seek to obtain financing may have owned or financed RMBS
which have declined in value and caused them to suffer losses, enter bankruptcy proceedings, further tighten their lending standards or increase
the amount of equity capital or haircut required to obtain financing.
These difficulties have resulted in part from declining markets for their mortgage loans as well as
from claims for repurchases of mortgage loans previously sold under provisions that require
repurchase in the event of early payment defaults or for breaches of representations regarding loan
quality. In addition, a rising interest rate environment and declining real estate values may
decrease the number of borrowers seeking or able to refinance their mortgage loans, which would
result in a decrease in overall originations. In addition, the Federal Reserves program to
purchase Agency MBS could cause an increase in the price of Agency MBS, which would
negatively impact the net interest margin with respect to Agency MBS
we expect to purchase. The general market conditions discussed above may make it difficult or more expensive for us to obtain financing on attractive terms or at all, and
our profitability may
be adversely affected if we were unable to obtain cost-effective financing for our investments.
- 28 -
We operate in a highly competitive market for investment opportunities and competition may limit
our ability to acquire desirable investments in Agency MBS and could also affect the pricing of these securities.
We operate in a highly competitive market for investment opportunities. Our profitability
depends, in large part, on our ability to acquire Agency MBS at attractive prices. In acquiring
Agency MBS, we will compete with a variety of institutional investors, including other REITs,
specialty finance companies, public and private funds (including other funds managed by Invesco),
commercial and investment banks, commercial finance and insurance companies and other financial
institutions. Many of our competitors are substantially larger and have considerably greater
financial, technical, marketing and other resources than we do. Several other REITs have recently
raised, or are expected to raise, significant amounts of capital, and may have investment
objectives that overlap with ours, which may create additional competition for investment
opportunities. Some competitors may have a lower cost of funds and access to funding sources that
are not available to us. Many of our competitors are not subject to the operating constraints
associated with REIT tax compliance or maintenance of an exemption from the 1940 Act. In addition,
some of our competitors may have higher risk tolerances or different risk assessments, which could
allow them to consider a wider variety of investments and establish more relationships than us.
Furthermore, competition for investments in Agency MBS may lead to the price of such assets
increasing, which may further limit our ability to generate desired returns. We cannot assure you
that the competitive pressures we face will not have a material adverse effect on our business,
financial condition and results of operations. Also, as a result of this competition, desirable
investments in Agency MBS may be limited in the future and we may not
be able to take advantage of attractive investment opportunities from time to time, as we can provide no assurance that we
will be able to identify and make investments that are consistent with our investment objectives. In addition, the Federal Reserves program to
purchase Agency MBS could cause an increase in the price of Agency MBS, which would
negatively impact the net interest margin with respect to Agency MBS
we expect to purchase.
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Increases in interest rates could adversely affect the value of our investments and cause our
interest expense to increase, which could result in reduced earnings or losses and negatively
affect our profitability as well as the cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
We expect to invest in Agency MBS. In a normal yield curve environment, an investment in
Agency MBS will generally decline in value if long-term interest rates increase. Declines in
market value may ultimately reduce earnings or result in losses to us, which may negatively affect
cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
A significant risk associated with Agency MBS is the risk that both long-term and short-term
interest rates will increase significantly. If long-term rates increased significantly, the market
value of these investments would decline, and the duration and weighted average life of the
investments would increase. We could realize a loss if the securities were sold. At the same
time, an increase in short-term interest rates would increase the amount of interest owed on the
repurchase agreements we may enter into to finance the purchase of these securities.
Market values of our investments may decline without any general increase in interest rates
for a number of reasons, such as increases or expected increases in defaults, or increases or
expected increases in voluntary prepayments for those investments that are subject to prepayment
risk or widening of credit spreads.
In addition, in a period of rising interest rates, our operating results will depend in large
part on the difference between the income from our assets and financing costs. We anticipate that,
in most cases, the income from such assets will respond more slowly to interest rate fluctuations
than the cost of our borrowings. Consequently, changes in interest rates, particularly short-term
interest rates, may significantly influence our net income. Increases in these rates will tend to
decrease our net income and market value of our assets.
An increase in interest rates may cause a decrease in the volume of newly-issued Agency MBS which
could adversely affect our ability to acquire Agency MBS that satisfy our investment objectives and
to generate income and pay dividends.
Rising interest rates generally reduce the demand for consumer credit, including mortgage
loans, due to the higher cost of borrowing. A reduction in the volume of mortgage loans originated
may affect the volume of Agency MBS available to us, which could adversely affect our
ability to acquire assets that satisfy our investment objectives. Rising interest rates may also
cause Agency MBS that were issued prior to an interest rate increase to provide yields that are
below prevailing market interest rates. If rising interest rates cause us to be unable to acquire
a sufficient volume of Agency MBS with a yield that is above our borrowing cost, our ability
to satisfy our investment objectives and to generate income and pay dividends may be materially and
adversely affected.
The relationship between short-term and longer-term interest rates is often referred to as the
yield curve. Ordinarily, short-term interest rates are lower than longer-term interest rates.
If short-term interest rates rise disproportionately relative to longer-term interest rates (a
flattening of the yield curve), our borrowing costs may increase more rapidly than the interest
income earned on our assets. Because we expect our investments, on average, generally will bear
interest based on longer-term rates than our borrowings, a flattening of the yield curve would tend
to decrease our net income and the market value of our net assets. Additionally, to the extent
cash flows from investments that return scheduled and unscheduled principal are reinvested, the
spread between the yields on the new investments and available borrowing rates may decline, which
would likely decrease our net income. It is also possible that short-term interest rates may
exceed longer-term interest rates (a yield curve inversion), in which event our borrowing costs may
exceed our interest income and we could incur operating losses.
Interest rate fluctuations may adversely affect the level of our net income and the value of our assets and common
stock.
Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary and tax
policies, domestic and international economic and political considerations and other factors beyond
our control. Interest rate fluctuations present a variety of risks, including the risk of a
narrowing of the difference between asset yields and borrowing rates, flattening or inversion of
the yield curve and fluctuating prepayment rates, and may adversely affect our income and the value
of our assets and common stock.
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Interest
rate mismatches between our Agency MBS backed by ARMs or hybrid ARMs and our borrowings used to fund our purchases of
these assets may reduce our net interest income and cause us to suffer a loss during periods of rising interest rates.
We expect to fund most of our investments in Agency MBS with borrowings that have interest
rates that adjust more frequently than the interest rate indices and repricing terms of our
Agency MBS backed by ARMs or hybrid ARMs. Accordingly, if short-term interest rates increase, our borrowing costs may increase
faster than the interest rates on our Agency MBS backed by ARMs or hybrid ARMs adjust. As a result, in a period
of rising interest rates, we could experience a decrease in net income or a net loss.
In
most cases, the interest rate indices and repricing terms of our Agency MBS backed by ARMs or hybrid ARMs
and our borrowings will not be identical, thereby potentially creating an interest rate
mismatch between our investments and our borrowings. While the historical spread between relevant
short-term interest rate indices has been relatively stable, there have been periods when the
spread between these indices was volatile. During periods of changing interest rates, these
interest rate index mismatches could reduce our net income or produce a net loss, and adversely
affect the level of our dividends and the market price of our common stock.
In addition, Agency MBS backed by ARMs
or hybrid ARMs will
typically be subject to periodic interest rate caps,
which limit the amount an interest rate can increase during any
given period, or lifetime interest rate caps, which limit the amount an interest rate
can increase through the maturity of the
Agency MBS. However, our borrowings under repurchase agreements typically will not be
subject to similar restrictions. Accordingly, in a period of rapidly increasing interest rates,
the interest rates paid on our borrowings could increase without limitation while caps could limit
the interest rates on these types of Agency MBS. This problem
is magnified for Agency MBS backed by ARMs or hybrid ARMs that are not fully indexed.
Further, some Agency MBS backed by ARMs or hybrid
ARMs may be subject to periodic payment caps that result in a portion of the interest being
deferred and added to the principal outstanding. As a result, we may receive less cash income on
these types of Agency MBS than we need to pay interest on our related borrowings. These factors
could reduce our net interest income and cause us to suffer a loss during periods of rising interest rates.
Because we may acquire fixed-rate securities, an increase in interest rates on our borrowings may
adversely affect our book value.
Increases in interest rates may negatively affect the market value of our Agency MBS.
Any fixed-rate securities we invest in generally will be more negatively affected by these
increases than adjustable-rate securities. In accordance with accounting rules, we will be
required to reduce our stockholders equity, or book value, by the amount of any decrease in the
market value of our Agency MBS that are classified for accounting purposes as
available-for-sale. We will be required to evaluate our Agency MBS on a quarterly basis to
determine their fair value by using third party bid price indications provided by dealers who make
markets in these securities or by third-party pricing services. If the fair value of a security is
not available from a dealer or third-party pricing service, we will estimate the fair value of the
security using a variety of methods including, but not limited to, discounted cash flow analysis,
matrix pricing, option-adjusted spread models and fundamental analysis. Aggregate characteristics
taken into consideration include, but are not limited to, type of collateral, index, margin,
periodic cap, lifetime cap, underwriting standards, age and delinquency experience. However, the
fair value reflects estimates and may not be indicative of the amounts we would receive in a
current market exchange. If we determine that an agency security is other-than-temporarily
impaired, we would be required to reduce the value of such agency security on our balance sheet by
recording an impairment charge in our income statement and our stockholders equity would be
correspondingly reduced. Reductions in stockholders equity decrease the amounts we may borrow to
purchase additional Agency MBS, which could restrict our ability to increase our net income.
We may experience a decline in the market value of our assets.
A decline in the market value of our Agency MBS or other assets in which we intend to invest
may require us to recognize an other-than-temporary impairment against such assets under GAAP if
we were to determine that, with respect to any assets in unrealized loss positions, we do not have
the ability and intent to hold such assets to maturity or for a period of time sufficient to allow
for recovery to the amortized cost of such assets. If such a determination were to be made, we
would recognize unrealized losses through earnings and write down the amortized cost of such assets
to a new cost basis, based on the fair market value of such assets on the date they are considered
to be other-than-temporarily impaired. Such impairment charges reflect non-cash losses at the time
of recognition; subsequent disposition or sale of such assets could further affect our future
losses or gains, as they are based on the difference between the sale price received and adjusted
amortized cost of such assets at the time of sale.
Some of our portfolio investments will be recorded at fair value and, as a result, there will be
uncertainty as to the value of these investments.
Some of our portfolio investments will be in the form of securities that are not publicly
traded. The fair value of securities and other investments that are not publicly traded may not be
readily determinable. We will value these investments quarterly at fair value, as determined in
accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards, or SFAS, No. 157, Fair Value
Measurements, or SFAS 157, which may include unobservable inputs. Because such valuations are
subjective, the fair value of certain of our assets may fluctuate over short periods of time and
our determinations of fair value may differ materially from the values that would have been used if
a ready market for these securities existed. The value of our common stock could be adversely
affected if our determinations regarding the fair value of these investments were materially higher
than the values that we ultimately realize upon their disposal.
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Prepayment rates may adversely affect the value of our investment portfolio.
Pools of residential mortgage loans underlie the Agency MBS that we will acquire. In the case
of residential mortgage loans, there are seldom any restrictions on borrowers abilities to prepay
their loans. We will generally receive payments from principal payments that are made on these
underlying mortgage loans. When borrowers prepay their mortgage loans faster than expected, this
results in prepayments that are faster than expected on the Agency MBS. Faster than expected
prepayments could adversely affect our profitability, including in the following ways:
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We may purchase Agency MBS that have a higher interest rate than the market interest
rate at the time. In exchange for this higher interest rate, we may pay a premium over
the par value to acquire the security. In accordance with GAAP, we may amortize this
premium over the estimated term of the mortgage-backed security. If the
mortgage-backed security is prepaid in whole or in part prior to its maturity date,
however, we may be required to expense the premium that was prepaid at the time of the
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We anticipate that a substantial portion of our adjustable-rate Agency MBS may bear
interest rates that are lower than their fully indexed rates, which are equivalent to
the applicable index rate plus a margin. If an adjustable-rate Agency MBS is prepaid
prior to or soon after the time of adjustment to a fully-indexed rate, we will have
held that Agency MBS while it was least profitable and lost the opportunity to receive
interest at the fully indexed rate over the remainder of its expected life. |
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If we are unable to acquire new Agency MBS similar to the prepaid Agency MBS, our
financial condition, results of operation and cash flow would suffer. Prepayment rates
generally increase when interest rates fall and decrease when interest rates rise, but
changes in prepayment rates are difficult to predict. Prepayment rates also may be
affected by conditions in the housing and financial markets, general economic
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While we will seek to minimize prepayment risk to the extent practical, in selecting
investments we must balance prepayment risk against other risks and the potential returns of each
investment. No strategy can completely insulate us from prepayment risk.
Recent market conditions may upset the historical relationship between interest rate changes and
prepayment trends, which would make it more difficult for us to analyze our investment portfolio.
Our success depends on our ability to analyze the relationship of changing interest rates on
prepayments of the mortgage loans that underlie our Agency MBS. Changes in interest rates and
prepayments affect the market price of the Agency MBS that we intend to purchase and any Agency MBS
that we hold at a given time. As part of our overall portfolio risk management, we will analyze
interest rate changes and prepayment trends separately and collectively to assess their effects on
our investment portfolio. In conducting our analysis, we will depend on certain assumptions based
upon historical trends with respect to the relationship between interest rates and prepayments
under normal market conditions. If the recent dislocations in the residential mortgage market or
other developments change the way that prepayment trends have historically responded to interest
rate changes, our ability to (1) assess the market value of our
investment portfolio, (2)
implement our hedging strategies and (3) implement techniques to reduce our prepayment rate
volatility would be significantly affected, which could materially adversely affect our financial
position and results of operations.
Agency MBS are subject to risks particular to investments secured by mortgage loans on residential real property.
Our investments in Agency MBS will be subject to the risks of delinquency, foreclosure and loss accompanying the underlying residential mortgage loans. The ability of a borrower to repay a mortgage loan secured by a residential property is dependent upon the
income or assets of the borrower. A number of factors may impair borrowers abilities to repay their loans,
including:
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acts of God, including earthquakes, floods and other natural disasters, which may
result in uninsured losses; |
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acts of war or terrorism, including the consequences of terrorist attacks, such as
those that occurred on September 11, 2001; |
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adverse changes in national and local economic and market conditions; |
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changes in governmental laws and regulations, fiscal policies and zoning ordinances
and the related costs of compliance with laws and regulations, fiscal policies and
ordinances; |
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costs of remediation and liabilities associated with environmental conditions such
as indoor mold; and |
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the potential for uninsured or under-insured property losses. |
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In the event of defaults on the residential
mortgage loans that underlie our investments in Agency MBS and the exhaustion of any underlying or
any additional credit support, we may not realize our anticipated return on our investments and we may incur a loss
on these investments.
Mortgage loan modification programs and future legislative action may adversely affect the value
of, and the returns on, the Agency MBS in which we intend to invest.
The U.S. Government, through the Federal Reserve, the FHA and the FDIC, commenced
implementation of programs designed to provide homeowners with assistance in avoiding residential
mortgage loan foreclosures. The programs may involve, among other things, the modification of
mortgage loans to reduce the principal amount of the loans or the rate of interest payable on the
loans, or to extend the payment terms of the loans. In addition, members of Congress have
indicated support for additional legislative relief for homeowners, including an amendment of the
bankruptcy laws to permit the modification of mortgage loans in bankruptcy proceedings. The
servicer will have the authority to modify mortgage loans that are in default, or for which default
is reasonably foreseeable, if such modifications are in the best interests of the holders of the
mortgage securities and such modifications are done in accordance with the terms of the relevant
agreements. Loan modifications are more likely to be used when borrowers are less able to
refinance or sell their homes due to market conditions, and when the potential recovery from a
foreclosure is reduced due to lower property values. A significant number of loan modifications
could result in a significant reduction in cash flows to the holders of the mortgage securities on
an ongoing basis. These loan modification programs, as well as future legislative or regulatory
actions, including amendments to the bankruptcy laws, that result in the modification of
outstanding mortgage loans may adversely affect the value of, and the returns on, the Agency MBS in
which we intend to invest.
Risks Related to Our Common Stock
There is no public market for our common stock and a market may never develop, which could result
in holders of our common stock being unable to monetize their investment.
Our shares of common stock are newly-issued securities for which there is no established
trading market. Our common stock has been approved for listing on the
NYSE subject to official notice of issuance, but
there can be no assurance that an active trading market for our common stock will develop.
Accordingly, no assurance can be given as to the ability of our stockholders to sell their common
stock or the price that our stockholders may obtain for their common stock.
Some of the factors
that could negatively affect the market price of our common stock include:
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our actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly operating results; |
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changes in our earnings estimates or publication of research reports about us or the
real estate industry; |
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changes in market valuations of similar companies; |
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adverse market reaction to any increased indebtedness we incur in the future; |
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additions to or departures of our Managers key personnel; |
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actions by our stockholders; and |
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speculation in the press or investment community. |
Market factors unrelated to our performance could also negatively
impact the market price of our common stock. One of the factors that investors may consider in deciding whether to buy or sell our common stock
is our distribution rate as a percentage of our stock price relative to market interest rates. If market interest rates increase, prospective
investors may demand a higher distribution rate or seek
alternative investments paying higher dividends or interest. As a result, interest rate fluctuations and
conditions in the capital markets can affect the market value of our common stock. For instance, if
interest rates rise, it is likely that the market price of our common stock will decrease as market rates on
interest-bearing securities increase.
Common stock eligible for future sale may have adverse effects on our share price.
We are offering shares of
our common stock as described in this prospectus. In
addition, concurrently with the completion of this offering, we will
complete a private placement in which we will
sell
shares
of our common stock to Invesco Ltd., through our Manager at
$
per share and OP units
to Invesco Ltd., through Invesco Investments (Bermuda) Ltd., at
$
per unit. Upon completion of this
offering and the concurrent private placement, Invesco Ltd., through
our Manager, will
beneficially own 0.50% of our common stock (or 0.43% if the underwriters fully exercise their option to purchase additional shares).
Assuming that all OP units are redeemed for an equivalent number of
shares of our common stock, Invesco Ltd., through the Invesco
Purchaser, would
beneficially own 9.09% of our outstanding common stock upon completion of this offering and the concurrent private
placement (or 8.0% if the underwriters fully exercise their option to purchase additional shares).
Our equity incentive plan provides for grants of restricted
common stock and other equity-based awards up to an aggregate
of 6% of the issued and outstanding shares of our common stock (on a
fully diluted basis) at the time of the award, subject to a ceiling
of 40 million shares of our common stock.
We, our Manager, each of our
executive officers and directors and each officer of our Manager have agreed with the
underwriters to a 180 day lock-up period (subject to extension in certain circumstances), meaning that, until the end of
the 180 day lock-up period, we and they will not, subject to certain exceptions, sell or transfer
any shares of common stock without the prior consent of Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC and
Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated, the representatives of the
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underwriters.
Each of our Manager and Invesco Investments (Bermuda) Ltd. will agree that, for a period of one year after the date of this prospectus, it will not, without the prior written consent of Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC
and Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated, dispose of or hedge any of the shares of our common stock
or OP units, respectively, that it purchases in the concurrent private placement, subject to extension in certain circumstances.
The representatives of the underwriters may, in their sole discretion, at any
time from time to time and without notice, waive the terms and conditions of the lock-up agreements
to which they are a party. Additionally, each of our Manager and Invesco Investments (Bermuda) Ltd. has agreed with us to a further lock-up
period that will expire at the earlier of (i) the date which is one year following the date of this
prospectus or (ii) the termination of the management agreement. Assuming no exercise of the
underwriters over-allotment option to purchase additional shares, approximately % of our
shares of common stock are subject to lock-up agreements. When the lock-up periods expire, these
shares of common stock will become eligible for sale, in some cases subject to the requirements of
Rule 144 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (or the Securities Act), which are described
under Shares Eligible for Future Sale.
We cannot predict the effect, if any, of future sales of our common stock, or the availability
of shares for future sales, on the market price of our common stock. The market price of our
common stock may decline significantly when the restrictions on resale by certain of our
stockholders lapse. Sales of substantial amounts of common stock or the perception that such sales
could occur may adversely affect the prevailing market price for our common stock.
Also, we may issue additional shares in subsequent public offerings or private placements to
make new investments or for other purposes. We are not required to offer any such shares to
existing stockholders on a preemptive basis. Therefore, it may not be possible for existing
stockholders to participate in such future share issuances, which may dilute the existing
stockholders interests in us.
We have not established a minimum distribution payment level and we cannot assure you of our
ability to pay distributions in the future.
We intend to pay quarterly distributions and to make distributions to our stockholders in an
amount such that we distribute all or substantially all of our REIT taxable income in each year,
subject to certain adjustments. We have not established a minimum distribution payment level and
our ability to pay distributions may be adversely affected by a number of factors, including the
risk factors described in this prospectus. All distributions will be made at the discretion of our
board of directors and will depend on our earnings, our financial condition, debt covenants,
maintenance of our REIT qualification and other factors as our board of directors may deem relevant
from time to time. We believe that a change in any one of the following factors could adversely
affect our results of operations and impair our ability to pay distributions to our stockholders:
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the profitability of the investment of the net proceeds of this offering; |
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our ability to make profitable investments; |
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margin calls or other expenses that reduce our cash flow; |
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defaults in our asset portfolio or decreases in the value of our portfolio; and |
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the fact that anticipated operating expense levels may not prove accurate, as actual
results may vary from estimates. |
We cannot assure you that we will achieve investment results that will allow us to make a
specified level of cash distributions or year-to-year increases in cash distributions in the
future. In addition, some of our distributions may include a return in capital.
Investing in our common stock may involve a high degree of risk.
The investments we make in accordance with our investment objectives may result in a high
amount of risk when compared to alternative investment options and volatility or loss of principal.
Our investments may be highly speculative and aggressive, and therefore an investment in our
common stock may not be suitable for someone with lower risk tolerance.
Future offerings of debt or equity securities, which would rank senior to our common stock, may adversely
affect the market price of our common stock.
If we decide to issue debt or equity securities in the future, which would rank senior to our common stock, it is likely
that they will be governed by an indenture or other instrument containing covenants restricting our
operating flexibility. Additionally, any convertible or exchangeable securities that we issue in the
future may have rights, preferences and privileges more favorable than those of our common stock and may result in dilution
to owners of our common stock. We and, indirectly, our stockholders, will bear the cost of
issuing and servicing such securities.
Because our decision to issue debt or equity securities in any future offering will depend
on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings. Thus holders
of our common stock will bear the risk of our future offerings reducing the market price of
our common stock and diluting the value of their stock holdings in us.
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Risks Related to Our Organization and Structure
Certain provisions of Maryland law could inhibit changes in control.
Certain provisions of the Maryland General Corporation Law, or the MGCL, may have the effect
of deterring a third party from making a proposal to acquire us or of impeding a change in control
under circumstances that otherwise could provide the holders of our common stock with the
opportunity to realize a premium over the then-prevailing market price of our common stock. We are
subject to the business combination provisions of the MGCL that, subject to limitations, prohibit
certain business combinations (including a merger, consolidation, share exchange, or, in
circumstances specified in the statute, an asset transfer or issuance or reclassification of equity
securities) between us and an interested stockholder (defined generally as any person who
beneficially owns 10% or more of our then outstanding voting capital stock or an affiliate or associate of
ours who, at any time within the two-year period prior to the date in question, was the beneficial
owner of 10% or more of our then outstanding voting capital stock) or an affiliate thereof for five years
after the most recent date on which the stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. After the
five-year prohibition, any business combination between us and an interested stockholder generally
must be recommended by our board of directors and approved by the affirmative vote of at least (1)
80% of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of outstanding shares of our voting capital
stock; and (2) two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of voting capital stock of the
corporation other than shares held by the interested stockholder with whom or with whose affiliate
the business combination is to be effected or held by an affiliate or associate of the interested
stockholder. These super-majority vote requirements do not apply if our common stockholders
receive a minimum price, as defined under Maryland law, for their shares in the form of cash or
other consideration in the same form as previously paid by the interested stockholder for its
shares. These provisions of the MGCL do not apply, however, to business combinations that are
approved or exempted by a board of directors prior to the time that the interested stockholder
becomes an interested stockholder. Pursuant to the statute, our board of directors has by
resolution exempted business combinations between us and any other person, provided that such
business combination is first approved by our board of directors (including a majority of our
directors who are not affiliates or associates of such person).
The control share provisions of the MGCL provide that control shares of a Maryland
corporation (defined as shares which, when aggregated with other shares controlled by the
stockholder (except solely by virtue of a revocable proxy), entitle the stockholder to exercise one
of three increasing ranges of voting power in electing directors) acquired in a control share
acquisition (defined as the direct or indirect acquisition of ownership or control of control
shares) have no voting rights except to the extent approved by our stockholders by the affirmative
vote of at least two-thirds of all the votes entitled to be cast on the matter, excluding votes
entitled to be cast by the acquiror of control shares, our officers and our personnel who are also
our directors. Our Bylaws contain a provision exempting from the control share acquisition statute
any and all acquisitions by any person of shares of our stock. There can be no assurance that this
provision will not be amended or eliminated at any time in the future.
The unsolicited takeover provisions of the MGCL permit our board of directors, without
stockholder approval and regardless of what is currently provided in our charter or Bylaws, to
implement takeover defenses, some of which (for example, a classified board) we do not yet have.
These provisions may have the effect of inhibiting a third party from making an acquisition
proposal for us or of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of us under the
circumstances that otherwise could provide the holders of shares of common stock with the
opportunity to realize a premium over the then current market price. Our charter contains a
provision whereby we have elected to be subject to the provisions of Title 3, Subtitle 8 of the
MGCL relating to the filling of vacancies on our board of directors. See Certain Provisions of
The Maryland General Corporation Law and Our Charter and Bylaws Business Combinations and
Certain Provisions of The Maryland General Corporation Law and Our Charter and Bylaws Control
Share Acquisitions.
Our authorized but unissued shares of common and preferred stock may prevent a change in our
control.
Our charter authorizes us to issue additional authorized but unissued shares of common or
preferred stock. In addition, our board of directors may, without stockholder approval, amend our
charter to increase the aggregate number of our shares of stock or the number of shares of stock of
any class or series that we have authority to issue and classify or reclassify any unissued shares
of common or preferred stock and set the preferences, rights and other terms of the classified or
reclassified shares. As a result, our board of directors may establish a series of shares of common or
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preferred stock that could delay or prevent a transaction or a change in control that might
involve a premium price for our shares of common stock or otherwise be in the best interest of our
stockholders.
We are the sole general partner of our operating partnership and could become liable for the debts
and other obligations of our operating partnership beyond the amount of our initial expenditure.
We
are the sole general partner of our operating partnership, IAS Operating Partnership LP.
As the sole general partner, we are liable for our operating partnerships debts and
other obligations. Therefore, if our operating partnership is unable to pay its debts and other
obligations, we will be liable for such debts and other obligations beyond the amount of our
expenditure for ownership interests in our operating partnership. These obligations could include
unforeseen contingent liabilities and could materially adversely affect our financial condition,
operating results and ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
Ownership limitations may restrict change of control of business combination opportunities in which
our stockholders might receive a premium for their shares.
In order for us to qualify as a REIT for each taxable year after 2008, no more than 50% in
value of our outstanding capital stock may be owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer
individuals during the last half of any calendar year. Individuals for this purpose include
natural persons, private foundations, some employee benefit plans and trusts, and some charitable
trusts. To preserve our REIT qualification, our charter generally prohibits
any person from directly or indirectly owning more than 9.8% in value or in number of shares,
whichever is more restrictive, of the outstanding shares of our capital stock or more than 9.8% in
value or in number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of the outstanding shares of our
common stock.
This ownership limitation could have the effect of discouraging a takeover or other
transaction in which holders of our common stock might receive a premium for their shares over the
then prevailing market price or which holders might believe to be otherwise in their best
interests.
Different ownership limits will apply to Invesco. These ownership limits, which our board of directors has determined will not jeopardize our
REIT qualification, will allow Invesco to
hold up to 25% (by value
or by number of shares, whichever is more restrictive) of our common
stock or up to 25% (by value
or by number of shares, whichever is more restrictive) of our outstanding capital stock.
Tax Risks
Your investment has various U.S. federal income tax risks.
This summary of certain tax risks is limited to the U.S. federal tax risks addressed below.
Additional risks or issues may exist that are not addressed in this prospectus and that could
affect the U.S. federal income tax treatment of us or our stockholders.
We strongly urge you to review carefully the discussion under U.S. Federal Income Tax
Considerations and to seek advice based on your particular circumstances from an independent tax
advisor concerning the effects of U.S. federal, state and local income tax law on an investment in
our common stock and on your individual tax situation.
Our failure to qualify as a REIT would subject us to U.S. federal income tax and potentially
increased state and local taxes, which would reduce the amount of cash available for distribution
to our stockholders.
We have been organized and we intend to operate in a manner that will enable us to qualify as
a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes commencing with our taxable year ending December 31,
2009. We have not requested and do not intend to request a ruling from the Internal Revenue
Service, or the IRS, that we qualify as a REIT. The U.S. federal income tax laws governing REITs
are complex. The complexity of these provisions and of the applicable U.S. Treasury Department
regulations that have been promulgated under the Internal Revenue Code, or Treasury Regulations, is
greater in the case of a REIT that, like us, holds its assets through a partnership, and judicial
and administrative interpretations of the U.S. federal income tax laws governing REIT qualification
are limited. To qualify as a REIT, we must meet, on an ongoing basis, various tests regarding the
nature of our assets and our income, the ownership of our outstanding shares, and the amount of our
distributions. Moreover, new legislation, court decisions or administrative guidance, in each case
possibly with retroactive effect, may make it
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more difficult or impossible for us to qualify as a REIT. Thus, while we intend to operate so
that we will qualify as a REIT, given the highly complex nature of the rules governing REITs, the
ongoing importance of factual determinations, and the possibility of future changes in our
circumstances, no assurance can be given that we will so qualify for any particular year. These
considerations also might restrict the types of assets that we can acquire in the future.
If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, and we do not qualify for certain
statutory relief provisions, we would be required to pay U.S. federal income tax on our taxable
income, and distributions to our stockholders would not be deductible by us in determining our
taxable income. In such a case, we might need to borrow money or sell assets in order to pay our
taxes. Our payment of income tax would decrease the amount of our income available for
distribution to our stockholders. Furthermore, if we fail to maintain our qualification as a REIT,
we no longer would be required to distribute substantially all of our net taxable income to our
stockholders. In addition, unless we were eligible for certain statutory relief provisions, we
could not re-elect to qualify as a REIT until the fifth calendar year following the year in which
we failed to qualify.
Complying with REIT requirements may cause us to forego otherwise attractive investment
opportunities or financing or hedging strategies.
To qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we must continually satisfy various
tests regarding the sources of our income, the nature and diversification of our assets, the
amounts we distribute to our stockholders and the ownership of our stock. To meet these tests, we
may be required to forego investments we might otherwise make. We may be required to make
distributions to stockholders at disadvantageous times or when we do not have funds readily
available for distribution. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our investment
performance.
Complying with REIT requirements may force us to liquidate otherwise attractive investments.
To qualify as a REIT, we generally must ensure that at the end of each calendar quarter at
least 75% of the value of our total assets consists of cash, cash items, government securities and
qualified REIT real estate assets, including certain mortgage loans and mortgage-backed securities.
The remainder of our investment in securities (other than government securities and qualifying
real estate assets) generally cannot include more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of
any one issuer or more than 10% of the total value of the outstanding securities of any one issuer.
In addition, in general, no more than 5% of the value of our assets (other than government
securities and qualifying real estate assets) can consist of the securities of any one issuer, and
no more than 25% of the value of our total securities can be represented by securities of one or
more TRSs. See U.S. Federal Income Tax ConsiderationsAsset Tests. If we fail to comply with
these requirements at the end of any quarter, we must correct the failure within 30 days after the
end of such calendar quarter or qualify for certain statutory relief provisions to avoid losing our
REIT qualification and suffering adverse tax consequences. As a result, we may be required to
liquidate from our portfolio otherwise attractive investments. These actions could have the effect
of reducing our income and amounts available for distribution to our stockholders.
Potential characterization of distributions or gain on sale may be treated as unrelated business
taxable income to tax exempt investors.
If (1) all or a portion of our assets are subject to the rules relating to taxable mortgage
pools, (2) we are a pension held REIT, (3) a tax exempt stockholder has incurred debt to purchase
or hold our common stock, or (4) the residual REMIC interests we buy generate excess inclusion
income, then a portion of the distributions to and, in the case of a stockholder described in
clause (3), gains realized on the sale of common stock by such tax exempt stockholder may be
subject to federal income tax as unrelated business taxable income under the Internal Revenue Code.
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Failure to make required distributions would subject us to tax, which would reduce the cash
available for distribution to our stockholders.
To qualify as a REIT, we must distribute to our stockholders each calendar year at least 90%
of our REIT taxable income (including certain items of non-cash income), determined without regard
to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gain. To the extent that we satisfy
the 90% distribution requirement, but distribute less than 100% of our taxable income, we will be
subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on our undistributed income. In addition, we will
incur a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the amount, if any, by which our distributions in any
calendar year are less than the sum of:
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95% of our REIT capital gain net income for that year; and |
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any undistributed taxable income from prior years. |
We intend to distribute our net taxable income to our stockholders in a manner intended to
satisfy the 90% distribution requirement and to avoid both corporate income tax and the 4%
nondeductible excise tax. However, there is no requirement that TRSs distribute their after tax
net income to their parent REIT or their stockholders.
Our taxable income may substantially exceed our net income as determined based
on GAAP, because, for example, realized capital losses will be
deducted in determining our GAAP net income, but may not be deductible in computing our taxable
income. In addition, we may invest in assets that generate taxable income in excess of economic
income or in advance of the corresponding cash flow from the assets. To the extent that we
generate such non-cash taxable income in a taxable year, we may incur corporate income tax and the
4% nondeductible excise tax on that income if we do not distribute such income to stockholders in
that year. As a result of the foregoing, we may generate less cash flow than taxable income in a
particular year. In that event, we may be required to use cash reserves, incur debt, or liquidate
non-cash assets at rates or at times that we regard as unfavorable to satisfy the distribution
requirement and to avoid corporate income tax and the 4% nondeductible excise tax in that year.
Our ownership of and relationship with any TRS which we may form or acquire following the
completion of this offering will be limited, and a failure to comply with the limits would
jeopardize our REIT qualification and may result in the application of a 100% excise tax.
A REIT may own up to 100% of the stock of one or more TRSs. A TRS may earn income that would
not be qualifying income if earned directly by the parent REIT. Both the subsidiary and the REIT
must jointly elect to treat the subsidiary as a TRS. Overall, no more
than 25% of the value of a
REITs assets may consist of stock or securities of one or more TRSs. A TRS will pay federal,
state and local income tax at regular corporate rates on any income that it earns. In addition,
the TRS rules impose a 100% excise tax on certain transactions between a TRS and its parent REIT
that are not conducted on an arms length basis.
Any TRS that we may form following the completion of this offering would pay U.S. federal,
state and local income tax on its taxable income, and its after tax net income would be available
for distribution to us but would not be required to be distributed to us. We anticipate that the
aggregate value of the TRS stock and securities owned by us will be
less than 25% of the value of
our total assets (including the TRS stock and securities). Furthermore, we will monitor the value
of our investments in our TRSs to ensure compliance with the rule
that no more than 25% of the
value of our assets may consist of TRS stock and securities (which is applied at the end of each
calendar quarter). In addition, we will scrutinize all of our
transactions with TRSs to ensure that they are entered into on arms length terms to avoid incurring the 100%
excise tax described above. There can be no assurance, however, that we will be able to comply
with the TRS limitations or to avoid application of the 100% excise tax discussed
above.
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Liquidation of our assets may jeopardize our REIT qualification.
To qualify as a REIT, we must comply with requirements regarding our assets and our sources of
income. If we are compelled to liquidate our investments to repay obligations to our lenders, we
may be unable to comply with these requirements, ultimately jeopardizing our qualification as a
REIT, or we may be subject to a 100% tax on any resultant gain if we sell assets in transactions
that are considered to be prohibited transactions.
Characterization of the repurchase agreements we enter into to finance our investments as sales for
tax purposes rather than as secured lending transactions would adversely affect our ability to
qualify as a REIT.
We anticipate entering into repurchase agreements with a variety of counterparties to achieve
our desired amount of leverage for the assets in which we intend to invest. When we enter into a repurchase
agreement, we generally sell assets to our counterparty to the agreement and receive cash from the
counterparty. The counterparty is obligated to resell the assets back to us at the end of the term
of the transaction. We believe that for U.S. federal income tax purposes we will be treated as the
owner of the assets that are the subject of repurchase agreements and that the repurchase
agreements will be treated as secured lending transactions notwithstanding that such agreements may
transfer record ownership of the assets to the counterparty during the term of the agreement. It
is possible, however, that the IRS could successfully assert that we did not own these assets
during the term of the repurchase agreements, in which case we could fail to qualify as a REIT.
Complying with REIT requirements may limit our ability to hedge effectively.
The REIT provisions of the Internal Revenue Code limit our ability to hedge
mortgage-backed securities and related borrowings. Under these provisions, our annual gross income
from non-qualifying hedges, together with any other income not generated from
qualifying real estate assets, cannot exceed 25% of our gross income
(excluding for this purpose, gross income from qualified hedges). In addition, our aggregate
gross income from non-qualifying hedges, fees, and certain other non qualifying sources cannot
exceed 5% of our annual gross income. As a result, we might have to limit our use of advantageous
hedging techniques or implement those hedges through a TRS, which we may form following the
completion of this offering. This could increase the cost of our hedging activities or expose us
to greater risks associated with changes in interest rates than we would otherwise want to bear.
Even if we qualify as a REIT, we may face tax liabilities that reduce our cash flow.
Even if we qualify as a REIT, we may be subject to certain U.S. federal, state and local taxes
on our income and assets, including taxes on any undistributed income, tax on income from some
activities conducted as a result of a foreclosure, and state or local income, franchise, property
and transfer taxes, including mortgage related taxes. See U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations Taxation of REITs in General. In addition, any TRSs we own will be subject to U.S. federal,
state, and local corporate taxes. In order to meet the REIT qualification requirements, or to
avoid the imposition of a 100% tax that applies to certain gains derived by a REIT from sales of
inventory or property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business, we
may hold some of our assets through taxable subsidiary corporations, including TRSs. Any taxes
paid by such subsidiary corporations would decrease the cash available for distribution to our
stockholders.
We may be subject to adverse legislative or regulatory tax changes that could reduce the market
price of our common stock.
At any time, the U.S. federal income tax laws or regulations governing REITs or the
administrative interpretations of those laws or regulations may be amended. We cannot predict when
or if any new U.S. federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation, or any
amendment to any existing federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation, will
be adopted, promulgated or become effective and any such law, regulation or interpretation may take
effect retroactively. We and our stockholders could be adversely affected by any such change in,
or any new, federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation.
Dividends payable by REITs do not qualify for the reduced tax rates.
Legislation enacted in 2003 generally reduces the maximum tax rate for dividends payable to
domestic stockholders that are individuals, trusts and estates from 38.6% to 15% (through 2010).
Dividends payable by REITs, however, are generally not eligible for the reduced rates. Although
this legislation does not adversely affect the taxation of REITs or dividends paid by REITs, the
more favorable rates applicable to regular corporate dividends could cause investors who are
individuals, trusts and estates to perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive
than investments in stock of non REIT corporations that pay dividends, which could adversely affect
the value of the stock of REITs, including our common stock.
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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
We make forward-looking statements in this prospectus that are subject to risks and
uncertainties. These forward-looking statements include information about possible or assumed
future results of our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations, plans and
objectives. When we use the words believe, expect, anticipate, estimate, plan,
continue, intend, should, may or similar expressions, we intend to identify forward-looking
statements. Statements regarding the following subjects, among others, may be forward-looking:
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our business and investment strategy; |
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our projected operating results; |
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our ability to obtain financing arrangements; |
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financing and advance rates for Agency MBS; |
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general volatility of the securities markets in which we invest; |
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our expected investments; |
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interest rate mismatches between our Agency MBS and our borrowings used to fund such
investments; |
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changes in interest rates and the market value of our Agency MBS; |
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changes in prepayment rates on our Agency MBS; |
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effects of hedging instruments on our Agency MBS; |
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rates of default or decreased recovery rates on our Agency MBS; |
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the degree to which our hedging strategies may or may not protect us from interest
rate volatility; |
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changes in governmental regulations, tax law and rates, and similar matters; |
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our ability to maintain our qualification as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax
purposes; |
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our ability to maintain our exemption from registration under the 1940 Act; |
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availability of investment opportunities in mortgage-related, real estate-related
and other securities; |
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availability of qualified personnel; |
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estimates relating to our ability to make distributions to our stockholders in the
future; |
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our understanding of our competition; |
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market trends in our industry, interest rates, real estate values, the debt
securities markets or the general economy; and |
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use of the proceeds of this offering. |
The forward-looking statements are based on our beliefs, assumptions and expectations of our
future performance, taking into account all information currently available to us. You should not
place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. These beliefs, assumptions and
expectations can change as a result of many possible events or factors, not all of which are known
to us. Some of these factors are described in this prospectus under the headings Summary, Risk
Factors, Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
and Business. If a change occurs, our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of
operations may vary materially from those expressed in our forward-looking statements. Any
forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made. New risks and
uncertainties arise over time, and it is not possible for us to predict those events or how they
may affect us. Except as required by law, we are not obligated to, and do not intend to, update or
revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or
otherwise.
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USE OF PROCEEDS
We are offering shares of our common stock at the anticipated public
offering price of $ per share. Concurrently with the
completion of this offering, we will complete a
private placement in which we will sell
shares of our common stock to Invesco Ltd., through our Manager, at $
per share and units of limited
partnership interest in our operating partnership to Invesco Ltd.,
through Invesco
Investments (Bermuda) Ltd., at $ per unit. We estimate that the net proceeds we will receive from selling common stock in this
offering
will be approximately $
million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses
of approximately $ million (or, if the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option
in full, approximately $ million,
after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions
and estimated offering expenses of approximately
$ million). We
estimate that the net proceeds we will receive in the concurrent
private placement of our common stock and OP units will be approximately $
million.
We
plan to use all the net proceeds from this offering and the
concurrent private placement as described above in conjunction with borrowings under our master repurchase agreements
consistent with our leverage threshold to build a leveraged investment portfolio
comprised of
Agency MBS. Based on current market conditions, we expect
that 60% of our initial leveraged investment
portfolio will consist of
ARM or hybrid ARM pass-through certificates, and the remaining 40% will
consist of a combination of (1) fixed-rate pass-through certificates and (2) CMOs. However, to the
extent market conditions change, we may alter these allocation percentages.
We expect to deploy the net proceeds on a leveraged basis within 30 to 90 days of the closing
of this offering. Depending on the economic environment and our outlook for the mortgage market at
the time we ultimately deploy the net proceeds on a leveraged basis, the percentage allocations of
Agency MBS amongst mortgage pass-through certificates backed by FRMs, ARMs and hybrid ARMs and CMOs, within our initial leveraged investment
portfolio, may differ from the currently expected allocations described above. See Risk Factors
and Forward-Looking Statements.
Depending on the availability of our targeted investments in Agency MBS within 30 to 90 days following the closing of this offering, we may temporarily invest the net proceeds in readily
marketable, short-term, interest-bearing investments, including money market accounts and/or funds, that are
consistent with our intention to qualify as a REIT. These temporary investments are expected to
provide a lower net return than we hope to achieve from our targeted investments in Agency MBS.
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DISTRIBUTION POLICY
We intend to make regular quarterly distributions to holders of our common stock. U.S.
federal income tax law generally requires that a REIT distribute annually at least 90% of its REIT
taxable income, without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gains,
and that it pay tax at regular corporate rates to the extent that it annually distributes less than
100% of its net taxable income. We generally intend over time to pay quarterly dividends in an
amount equal to our net taxable income, excluding net capital gains. We plan to pay our first
dividend in respect of the period from the closing of this offering
through March 31, 2009, which may
be prior to the time when we have fully invested the net proceeds from this offering in Agency MBS.
To the extent that in respect of any calendar year, cash available for distribution is less
than our net taxable income, we could be required to sell assets or borrow funds to make cash
distributions or make a portion of the required distribution in the form of a taxable stock
distribution or distribution of debt securities. In addition, prior to the time we have fully
invested the net proceeds of this offering, we may fund our quarterly distributions out of such net
proceeds. We will generally not be required to make distributions with respect to activities
conducted through any TRS that we form following the completion of this offering. For more
information, see U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations Taxation of Our Company in General.
To satisfy the requirements to qualify as a REIT and generally not be subject to U.S. federal
income and excise tax, we intend to make regular quarterly distributions of all or substantially
all of our net taxable income to holders of our common stock out of assets legally available
therefor. Any distributions we make will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will
depend upon our earnings and financial condition, debt covenants, funding or margin requirements
under repurchase agreements, warehouse facilities or other secured and unsecured borrowing
agreements, maintenance of our REIT qualification, applicable provisions of the MGCL, and such other factors as our board of directors deems relevant. Our
earnings and financial condition will be affected by various factors, including the net interest
and other income from our portfolio, our operating expenses and any other expenditures. For more
information regarding risk factors that could materially adversely affect our earnings and
financial condition, see Risk Factors.
We anticipate that our distributions generally will be taxable as ordinary income to our
stockholders, although a portion of the distributions may be designated by us as qualified dividend
income or capital gain, or may constitute a return of capital. We will furnish annually to each of
our stockholders a statement setting forth distributions paid during the preceding year and their
characterization as ordinary income, return of capital, qualified dividend income or capital gain.
For more information, see U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations Taxation of Taxable U.S.
Stockholders.
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CAPITALIZATION
The
following table sets forth (1) our actual capitalization at
December 31, 2008 and (2) our
capitalization as adjusted to reflect the effect of the sale of our common stock in this offering
at an assumed offering price of $ per share after deducting the underwriting discount and
estimated organizational and offering expenses payable by us and the concurrent private placement
to the Invesco Purchaser of $ million of our
common stock and OP units at the assumed initial public
offering price. You should read this table together with Use of Proceeds included elsewhere in
this prospectus.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As
of December 31, 2008 |
|
|
Actual |
|
As Adjusted(1) |
Stockholders deficiency: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Common stock, par value $0.01
per share; 100,000 shares
authorized, and 100 shares
issued and outstanding, actual and
450,000,000 shares authorized and
shares outstanding, as
adjusted
|
|
$ |
1 |
|
|
|
$ |
|
Preferred Stock, par value $0.01
per share; 0 shares authorized and 0 shares issued and outstanding,
actual and 50,000,000 shares authorized and 0 shares outstanding, as adjusted |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
Additional
paid in capital |
|
|
999 |
|
|
|
|
|
Accumulated deficit during development stage |
|
|
(22,381 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total stockholders deficiency
|
|
$ |
(21,381 |
) |
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(1) |
|
Does not include the underwriters option to purchase up to additional shares. |
- 43 -
SELECTED FINANCIAL INFORMATION
The following table presents
selected
historical financial information as of December 31, 2008, and for the period
from June 5, 2008 (date of incorporation) to December 31, 2008. The historical financial information as of December 31, 2008 and for the period from June 5, 2008 (date of incorporation) to December 31, 2008
presented in the table below has been derived from our audited financial statements. The information presented
below is not necessarily indicative of the trends in our performance or our results for a full fiscal year.
The information presented
below is only a summary and does not provide all of the information contained in our historical financial statements, including
the related notes. You should read the information below in conjunction with Managements Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations and our historical financial statements, including the related notes, included
elsewhere in this prospectus.
|
|
|
|
|
Balance
Sheet Data |
|
As of December 31, 2008 |
|
Assets: |
|
|
|
|
Cash |
|
$ |
1,000 |
|
Other assets
deferred offering costs |
|
|
978,333 |
|
|
|
|
|
Total Assets |
|
|
979,333 |
|
|
|
|
|
Liabilities
and Stockholders Deficiency: |
|
|
|
|
Due to
affiliate |
|
$ |
1,000,714 |
|
|
|
|
|
Stockholders
deficiency |
|
|
(21,381 |
) |
|
|
|
|
Total
Liabilities and Stockholders Deficiency |
|
$ |
979,333 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For
the Period June 5, 2008 |
|
|
|
(date
of incorporation) through |
|
Statement of Income Data |
|
December 31, 2008 |
|
Revenue |
|
$ |
|
|
Expenses: |
|
|
|
|
Organizational
Costs |
|
|
(22,381 |
) |
|
|
|
|
Net Loss |
|
$ |
(22,381 |
) |
|
|
|
|
- 44 -
MANAGEMENTS DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
You should read the following discussion in conjunction with the sections of this prospectus
entitled Risk Factors, Forward-Looking Statements, Business and our audited balance sheet as
of December 31, 2008 and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this prospectus. This
discussion contains forward-looking statements reflecting current expectations that involve risks
and uncertainties. Actual results and the timing of events may differ materially from those
contained in these forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including those discussed
in the section entitled Risk Factors and elsewhere in this prospectus.
Overview
We
are a newly-formed Maryland company that will invest in mortgage-backed securities
for which a U.S. Government agency such as Ginnie Mae or a federally chartered corporation such as
Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac, guarantees payments of principal and interest on the securities. We
refer to these securities as Agency MBS. Our Agency MBS investments will include mortgage
pass-through securities and CMOs. We will be externally managed and advised by our Manager, an
SEC-registered investment adviser and indirect wholly owned
subsidiary of Invesco (NYSE: IVZ), a leading independent global investment management company with $357.2 billion in managed assets as
of December 31, 2008, including approximately $10.9 billion of Agency MBS. We expect to conduct all of our operations through our operating
partnership, of which we are the sole general partner.
Our objective is to provide attractive risk adjusted returns to our investors over the long
term, primarily through dividends and secondarily through capital appreciation. We will generate
income principally from the spread between yields on our investments and our cost of borrowing,
including hedging activities. Our Agency MBS investments will be collateralized by a variety of
loans secured by residential real property, including fixed-rate mortgage loans, or FRMs, adjustable-rate
mortgage loans, or ARMs, and hybrid mortgage loans. We intend to construct a diversified investment
portfolio by focusing on security selection and the relative value of various sectors within the
Agency MBS market. We intend to finance our investments through short-term borrowings structured
as repurchase agreements. To date, we have signed master repurchase
agreements with financial
institutions, and we are in discussions with
additional financial institutions for repurchase facilities. While lender commitments under repurchase agreements are subject to a number of conditions and
there can be no assurance that any of the financial institutions with
whom we are discussing potential repurchase facilities will enter into financing arrangements with us,
we expect that these repurchase facilities will provide us with sufficient financing to support our
leverage targets.
We will commence operations upon
completion of this offering. We intend to elect and qualify to be taxed as a REIT for U.S.
federal income tax purposes, commencing with our taxable year ending
December 31, 2009. We
generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes on our taxable income to the extent that
we annually distribute all of our net taxable income to stockholders and maintain our intended
qualification as a REIT. We also intend to operate our business in a manner that will permit us to
maintain our exemption from registration under the 1940 Act.
Factors Impacting Our Operating Results
We expect that the results of our operations will be affected by a number of factors and
primarily depend on, among other things, the level of our net interest income, the market value of
our assets and the supply of, and demand for, Agency MBS in the marketplace. Our net interest
income, which includes the amortization of purchase premiums and accretion of purchase discounts,
varies primarily as a result of changes in market interest rates and prepayment speeds, as measured
by the Constant Prepayment Rate, or CPR, on our Agency MBS assets. Interest rates and prepayment
speeds vary according to the type of investment, conditions in the financial markets, competition
and other factors, none of which can be predicted with any certainty.
Changes in Market Interest Rates
With respect to our proposed business operations, increases in interest rates, in general, may
over time cause: (1) the interest expense associated with our borrowings to increase; (2) the value
of our Agency MBS portfolio to decline; (3) coupons on our adjustable-rate and hybrid Agency MBS
and mortgage loans to reset, although on a delayed basis, to higher interest rates; (4) prepayments
on our Agency MBS to slow, thereby slowing
- 45 -
the amortization of our purchase premiums and the accretion of our purchase discounts; and (5)
to the extent we enter into interest rate swap agreements as part of our hedging strategy, the
value of these agreements to increase. Conversely, decreases in interest rates, in general, may
over time cause: (1) prepayments on our Agency MBS to increase, thereby accelerating the
amortization of our purchase premiums and the accretion of our purchase discounts; (2) the interest
expense associated with our borrowings to decrease; (3) the value of our Agency MBS to increase;
(4) to the extent we enter into interest rate swap agreements as part of our hedging strategy, the
value of these agreements to decrease; and (5) coupons on our adjustable-rate and hybrid MBS assets
and mortgage loans to reset, although on a delayed basis, to lower interest rates.
Prepayment Speeds
Prepayment speeds vary according to interest rates, the type of investment, conditions in the
financial markets, competition and other factors, none of which can be predicted with any
certainty. We expect that over time our adjustable-rate and hybrid Agency MBS will experience
higher prepayment rates than do fixed-rate Agency MBS, as we believe that homeowners with
adjustable-rate and hybrid mortgage loans exhibit more rapid housing turnover levels or refinancing
activity compared to fixed-rate borrowers.
Size of Investment Portfolio
The size of our investment portfolio, as measured by the aggregate principal balance of our
mortgage related securities and the other assets we own, is also a key revenue driver. Generally,
as the size of our investment portfolio grows, the amount of interest income we receive increases.
A larger investment portfolio, however, drives increased expenses, as we incur additional interest
expense to finance the purchase of our assets.
Since changes in interest rates may significantly affect our activities, our operating results
depend, in large part, upon our ability to effectively manage interest rate risks and prepayment
risks while maintaining our qualification as a REIT.
Spreads on Agency MBS
The spread between swap rates and Agency MBS has recently been volatile. Spreads on
non-Treasury, fixed income assets including Agency MBS have moved sharply wider due to the
difficult credit conditions. The poor collateral performance of the sub-prime mortgage sector
coupled with declining home prices have had a negative impact on investor confidence. As the
prices of securitized assets have declined, a number of investors and a number of structured
investment vehicles have faced margin calls from dealers and have been forced to sell assets in
order to reduce leverage. The price volatility of these assets has also impacted lending terms in
the repurchase market, as counterparties have raised margin requirements to reflect the more
difficult environment. The spread between the yield on our assets and our funding costs is an
important factor in the performance of our business. Wider spreads imply greater income on new
asset purchases but may have a negative impact on our stated book value. Wider spreads may also
negatively impact asset prices. In an environment where spreads are widening, counterparties may
require additional collateral to secure borrowings which may require us to reduce leverage by
selling assets. Conversely, tighter spreads imply lower income on new asset purchases but may have
a positive impact on our stated book value. Tighter spreads may have a positive impact on asset
prices. In this case we may be able to reduce the amount of collateral required to secure
borrowings.
Extension Risk
Our Manager will compute the projected weighted-average life of our investments based on
assumptions regarding the rate at which the borrowers will prepay the underlying mortgages. In
general, when we acquire a FRM or hybrid ARM security, we may, but are not required to, enter into
an interest rate swap agreement or other hedging instrument that effectively fixes our borrowing
costs for a period close to the anticipated average life of the fixed-rate portion of the related
assets. This strategy is designed to protect us from rising interest
rates, because the borrowing
costs are fixed for the duration of the fixed-rate portion of the related Agency MBS.
- 46 -
However, if prepayment rates decrease in a rising interest rate environment, the life of the
fixed-rate portion of the related assets could extend beyond the term of the swap agreement or
other hedging instrument. This could have a negative impact on our results of operations, as
borrowing costs would no longer be fixed after the end of the hedging instrument while the income
earned on the hybrid ARM security would remain fixed. This situation may also cause the market
value of our hybrid ARM security to decline, with little or no offsetting gain from the related
hedging transactions. In extreme situations, we may be forced to sell assets to maintain adequate
liquidity, which could cause us to incur losses.
Market Conditions
Since
mid-2007, the residential housing and mortgage markets in the United States
have experienced a variety of difficulties including loan defaults, credit losses and reduced
liquidity. As a result, many lenders have tightened their lending standards, reduced lending
capacity, liquidated significant portfolios or exited the market
altogether, and therefore, financing with
attractive terms is generally unavailable. Since September 2007, we have seen the difference between the yields on Agency MBS and rates on
market financing has increased as the Federal Reserve has lowered the target for the Federal Funds
Rate ten times to a current targeted range of 0% to 0.25%. In response to these unprecedented events, the U.S.
Government has taken a number of actions to improve stability in the financial markets and
encourage lending.
Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008
In
response to general market instability and, more specifically, the
financial conditions of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, on July 30,
2008, the HERA established a new regulator for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the FHFA.
On September 7, 2008, the U.S. Treasury, the
FHFA, and the U.S. Federal Reserve announced a comprehensive action plan to help stabilize the
financial markets, support the availability of mortgage finance and protect taxpayers. Under this
plan, among other things, the FHFA has been appointed as conservator of both Fannie Mae and Freddie
Mac, allowing the FHFA to control the actions of the two GSEs,
without forcing them to liquidate, which would be the case under receivership. Importantly, the
primary focus of the plan is to increase the availability of mortgage
financing by allowing these
GSEs to continue to grow their guarantee business without limit, while limiting net purchase
of Agency MBS to a modest amount through the end of 2009. Beginning
in 2010, these GSEs will
gradually reduce their Agency MBS portfolios. In addition, in an effort to further stabilize the U.S.
mortgage market, the U.S. Treasury took three additional actions. First, it entered into a
preferred stock purchase agreement with each of the GSEs, pursuant to which $100 billion will
be available to each GSE. Second, it established a new secured credit facility, the GSECF, available to each of Fannie Mae and
Freddie Mac (as well as Federal Home Loan Banks) through December 31, 2009, when other funding
sources are unavailable. Third, it established an Agency MBS
purchase program, under which the
U.S. Treasury may purchase Agency MBS in the open market. This Agency MBS purchase program will also expire on
December 31, 2009. Initially, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac each issued $1.0 billion of senior preferred stock to the
U.S. Treasury and warrants to purchase 79.9% of the fully-diluted common stock outstanding of each
GSE at a nominal exercise price. Pursuant to these agreements,
each of Fannie Maes and Freddie Macs mortgage and Agency MBS
portfolio may not exceed $850 billion as of December 31, 2009, and will decline by 10% each year
until such portfolio reaches $250 billion. After reporting a substantial loss in the third quarter
of 2008, Freddie Mac requested a capital injection of $13.8 billion by the U.S. Treasury pursuant
to its preferred stock purchase agreement. Although the U.S. Government has committed capital to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, there can be
no assurance that these actions will be adequate for their needs.
These uncertainties lead to questions about the future of the GSEs in
their current form, or at all, and the availability of, and trading
market for, Agency MBS. If these actions are inadequate,
and the GSEs continue to suffer losses or cease to exist, our business, operations and financial
condition could be materially adversely affected. See Risk FactorsRisks Related to Our CompanyIf the U.S. Governments recent
actions with respect to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are inadequate or ineffective, our ability to
acquire Agency MBS at attractive prices and/or returns, or at all, may be adversely affected.
Guarantee Program for Money Market Funds
In
an effort to stabilize the money market fund industry, the
U.S. Treasury on September 19, 2008 announced the establishment
of the Temporary Guarantee Program for Money Market Funds, through
which U.S. Treasury guarantees the share price of any publicly offered eligible money market mutual fund - both retail and institutional - that applies for and pays a fee to participate in the program.
The temporary measure will enable the Exchange Stabilization Fund, established in 1934 as part of the Gold
Reserve Act, to insure the holdings of any publicly offered money market mutual fund for both
retail and institutional clients. The current termination date for
the guarantee program is April 30, 2009. The Secretary of the
Treasury, however, may extend the guarantee program to September 18,
2009.
- 47 -
Money
market funds are a vital source of short-term liquidity in the financial markets. Money
market funds provide for repurchase agreement financing by lending cash versus collateral such as
Treasuries and Agency MBS for short periods of time. Pressure on asset prices in the credit
markets has recently caused several money market funds to come under pressure from a pricing and
redemption standpoint. This insurance program will help ease this pressure over time and
should allow lending capacity offered by money market funds to return to more normal levels.
As
we will rely on short-term borrowing in the form of repurchase agreements to fund the
purchase of Agency MBS, we believe that this action should positively impact us by stabilizing a
major source of our anticipated borrowings.
Emergency
Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 and TARP
On
October 3, 2008, President Bush signed into law the
EESA. The EESA provides the Secretary of the U.S. Treasury with the authority to
establish TARP to purchase from financial institutions up to
$700 billion of residential or commercial mortgages and any
securities, obligations or other
instruments that are based on or related to such mortgages, that in each case was originated or
issued on or before March 14, 2008, as well as any other financial instrument that the Secretary of
the U.S. Treasury, after consultation with the Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal
Reserve System, determines the purchase of which is necessary to promote financial market
stability, upon transmittal of such determination, in writing, to the appropriate committees of the
U.S. Congress. As of January 20, 2009, the U.S. Treasury had
announced the establishment of the following programs under TARP.
Capital Purchase Program
The Capital Purchase Program, or the CPP, is a voluntary program designed to encourage U.S. financial institutions to build capital to increase the flow of financing to U.S. businesses and consumers
and to support the U.S. economy. Under this program, the U.S. Treasury is authorized to purchase up to
$250 billion of senior preferred shares in qualifying domestically-controlled banks, savings associations,
and certain bank and savings and loan holding companies engaged only in financial activities. As of
January 13, 2009, the U.S. Treasury had invested approximately $192
billion in 258 publicly-traded
and private banking organizations under the CPP.
Targeted Investment Program
The Targeted Investment Program, or the TIP, is intended to prevent significant market
disruptions that could result from a loss of confidence in a particular financial institution. The U.S.
Treasury will determine whether a financial institution is eligible for the program on a case by case basis
based on a number of considerations. As of January 16, 2009, the
U.S. Treasury had invested $40 billion in two banking organizations under the TIP.
Systemically Significant Failing Institutions Program
The Systemically Significant Failing Institutions Program, or the SSFIP, is intended to provide
stability and prevent disruption to financial markets that could result from the failure of a systemically
significant institution. The U.S. Treasury will consider whether an institution is systemically significant
and at substantial risk of failure, and thereby eligible for the SSFIP, on a case by case basis based on a
number of considerations. As of January 13, 2008, the U.S. Treasury
had invested $40 billion in one
institution under the SSFIP. This institution was an insurance company and not a bank. However, banks
are certainly of the types of institutions that are eligible for the SSFIF.
Asset Guarantee Program
The Asset Guarantee Program, or AGP, is designed to provide guarantees for assets held by
systemically significant financial institutions that face a high risk of losing market confidence due in large
part to a portfolio of distressed or illiquid assets. The U.S. Treasury will determine the eligibility of
participants and the allocation of resources on a case-by-case basis. In a report to Congress, the U.S.
Treasury stated that it may use this program in coordination with a broader guarantee involving one or
more other U.S. government agencies. As of January 20, 2008, the U.S. Treasury had released no data
about the use of this program.
We
believe that the relatively low cost capital infusions and other
assistance made available to banking organizations under the TARP
programs will improve, the functioning of financial markets which will improve as banks make loans supported
by the capital infusions. We further believe that there is a reasonable likelihood that banks will
deploy at least a portion of the capital that they receive in the Agency MBS market, resulting in
narrower Agency MBS spreads.
We anticipate that narrower spreads on Agency MBS will be offset in part by improved financing
levels and rates, as overall liquidity improves. While we anticipate
spreads on Agency MBS and financing spreads will be positively correlated
going forward, there can be no assurance this will occur.
Additionally, the amount of tightening that can occur in financing levels and advance rates is limited by the overall low
absolute level of short-term funding rates. Advance rates on repurchase agreement funding
with respect to Agency MBS generally are approximately 90% to 95% (which
means a 5% to 10% haircut), down from 97% (which means a 3% haircut).
As
the banks overall capital positions improve because of capital
infusions under the TARP programs (and the CPP, in particular), we
believe that they will seek to once again deploy capital through various lending channels,
including repurchase lending.
However,
there can be no assurance that the EESA or the TARP programs will have a beneficial impact on the
financial markets, including on current levels of volatility. To the extent the market does
not respond favorably to the TARP programs or the TARP programs do not function
as intended, our business may not receive the anticipated positive impact from the legislation. We
cannot predict whether or when the TARP programs will have any impact and to what extent it will
affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Hope for Homeowners Act of 2008
On July 30, 2008, the H4H Act was signed into law.
The H4H Act created a new, temporary, voluntary program within the FHA to back FHA-insured mortgages to distressed borrowers.
The Hope for Homeowners program, which is effective from October 1, 2008 through September 30, 2011, will enable
certain distressed borrowers to refinance their mortgages into FHA-insured loans.
- 48 -
Ginnie Mae, which guarantees the payment of principal and interest on Hope for Homeowners MBS,
requires that all loans under the H4H Act must be pooled only under the Ginnie Mae II programs
multiple issuer type, MFS. Ginnie Mae will accept loan
packages under the H4H Act to be pooled
in MFS securities with a November 1, 2008 issue date
and thereafter. If a loan in an existing or seasoned pool is refinanced under this program the prepayment speeds
on existing pools may rise. Depending on whether or not the bond was purchased at a premium or
discount, the yield may be positively or negatively impacted. Furthermore, the coupons
on new pools generated under this program based on refinanced loans may be lower potentially
negatively impacting our yield on new opportunities.
Other Initiatives
Federal Reserve
During 2008, the Federal Reserve also initiated a number of other programs aimed at improving
broader financial markets, such as establishing a $1.8 trillion commercial paper funding facility
and a $200 billion facility to finance consumer asset-backed
securities. The U.S. Treasury committed $20 billion from TARP to
support the Federal Reserves $200 billion consumer facility. In addition, in order to
provide further liquidity to financial institutions, the Federal Reserve has provided primary
dealers with access to the Federal Reserves discount window and, in instances of distress,
arranged financing for certain holding entities. For example,
in September 2008, the Federal Reserve took action to help
American International Group, or AIG, a large insurance
company, avoid insolvency by providing AIG with an emergency
$85 billion credit facility. By November 2008, AIG needed additional help,
leading the Federal Reserve, in conjunction with the U.S. Treasury, to replace
the $85 billion facility with a revised emergency government assistance package
totaling over $150
billion ($60 billion of which was a credit facility from the Federal
Reserve).
We believe that programs have and will continue to improve
short-term credit markets, including the repurchase financing market.
Given the Federal Reserves actions to date, we believe the Federal Reserve will remain committed to assuring that short-term credit markets function
efficiently, which, in turn, will reduce our borrowing costs over time. The Federal Reserve
programs are likely to result in both Agency MBS spreads tightening and improved liquidity in this
market. The improved liquidity should increase the availability and attractiveness of repurchase
financing, as banks become more comfortable with their ability to value and, in the event of
default, efficiently liquidate collateral.
On November 25, 2008, the Federal Reserve announced that it will initiate a program to
purchase $100 billion in direct obligations of Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and the Federal Home Loan
Banks and $500 billion in mortgage-backed securities backed by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie
Mae. The Federal Reserve stated that its actions are intended to reduce the cost and increase the
availability of credit for the purchase of houses, which in turn should support housing markets and
foster improved conditions in financial markets more generally. The purchases of direct
obligations began during the first week of December 2008, and
the purchases of Agency MBS began during the first week of January
2009. The Federal Reserves program to
purchase Agency MBS could cause an increase in the price of Agency MBS, which would
negatively impact the net interest margin with respect to Agency MBS
we expect to purchase.
FDIC
During 2008, the FDIC also initiated programs
in an effort to restore confidence and functioning in the banking system and attempt to reduce
foreclosures through loan modifications. Specifically, the FDIC adopted the Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program,
which has two primary components: the Debt Guarantee Program, by which the FDIC will guarantee the payment of certain
newly issued senior unsecured debt and the Transaction Account
Guarantee, Program by which the FDIC will guarantee
up to an unlimited amount certain transaction
accounts bearing no or minimal interest (e.g. NOW accounts paying no
more than 0.50% interest), until December 31, 2009.
The FDIC
also raised the deposit insurance limits to $250,000 up from $100,000
through December 31, 2009.
Additionally, in an attempt to reduce foreclosures, the FDIC encouraged uniform guidelines for
loan modifications, which include reduction of interest rate, extension of maturity and balance
reductions.
Recent Interagency Coordinated Efforts
The
Federal Reserve, U.S. Treasury and FDIC on January 16, 2009 announced the execution of
agreements under which they would guarantee large pools of assets held by Citigroup and Bank
of America. We believe this action reflects improved coordination among the principal
government agencies responsible for implementing the U.S.
Governments response to the current
financial crisis.
The
agreement with Citigroup (a non-binding version of which was initially announced
November 23, 2008) provides loss protection on an asset pool of approximately $301 billion of
loans and securities backed by residential and commercial real estate and other such assets, all of
which will remain on Citigroups balance sheet. According to a term sheet released by Citigroup,
the first loss position of $39.5 billion would be absorbed by Citigroup, the second loss position
would be absorbed 90% by Treasury, up to its advance of $5 billion, and 10% by Citigroup, the
third loss position would be absorbed 90% by FDIC, up to its advance of $10 billion, and 10% by
Citigroup. Additional losses would be addressed through a loan provided to Citigroup by the
Federal Reserve.
The
agreement with Bank of America called for the U.S. Treasury and FDIC to provide loss
protection on an asset pool of approximately $118 billion of loans, securities backed by residential and
commercial real estate loans, and other such assets. Under the agreement, the first loss position of $10
billion would be absorbed by Bank of America, and the second loss position would be absorbed 90% by
the U.S. Treasury and the FDIC, up to their advance of $10 billion, and 10% by Bank of America.
Additional losses would be absorbed 10% by Bank of America and the remaining 90% through a loan
provided to Bank of America by the Federal Reserve.
Critical Accounting Policies
Our financial statements will be prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally
accepted in the United States of America, or GAAP, which requires the use of estimates and
assumptions that involve the exercise of judgment and use of assumptions as to future
uncertainties. In accordance with SEC guidance, the following discussion addresses the accounting
policies that we will apply based on our expectation of our initial operations. Our most
critical accounting policies will involve decisions and assessments that could affect our reported
assets and liabilities, as well as our reported revenues and expenses. We believe that all of the
decisions and assessments upon which our financial statements will be based will be reasonable at
the time made and based upon information available to us at that time. We will rely on independent
pricing of our assets at each quarters end to arrive at what we believe to be reasonable estimates
of fair market value. We have identified what we believe will be our most critical accounting
policies to be the following:
Repurchase Agreements
We will finance the acquisition of Agency MBS for our investment portfolio through the use of
repurchase agreements. Repurchase agreements will be treated as collateralized financing
transactions and will be carried at
- 49 -
their contractual amounts, including accrued interest, as specified in the respective
agreements. Concurrently with the completion of this offering, we intend to enter into repurchase
agreements with several counterparties.
In instances where we acquire Agency MBS through repurchase agreements with the same
counterparty from whom the Agency MBS were purchased, we will account for the purchase commitment
and repurchase agreement on a net basis and record a forward commitment to purchase Agency MBS as a
derivative instrument if the transaction does not comply with the criteria in FASB Staff Position, or FSP, FAS 140-3, Accounting
for Transfers of Financial Assets and Repurchase Financing Transactions, or FSP FAS 140-3, for
gross presentation. If the transaction complies with the criteria for gross presentation in FSP FAS
140-3, we will record the assets and the related financing on a gross basis in our statements of
financial condition, and the corresponding interest income and interest expense in our statements
of operations and comprehensive income (loss). Such forward commitments are recorded at fair value with subsequent changes
in fair value recognized in income. Additionally, we will record the cash portion of our
investment in Agency MBS as a mortgage related receivable from the counterparty on our balance
sheet.
We
believe that our Manager and Invesco Aim Advisors have in place a documented process and a
team of professionals who focus on mitigating counterparty risk. During these volatile times in
which a number of repurchase agreement counterparties have either defaulted or ceased to exist, we
feel that it is critical to have controls in place that address this recent disruption in the
markets. All repurchase agreement counterparty approval requests must be
submitted to the our Manager and undergo a rigorous review and approval process to determine whether the
proposed counterparty meets established criteria.
This process involves a credit analysis of
each prospective counterparty to ensure that it meets Invesco Aim
Advisors internal credit risk requirements and a review of the counterpartys audited financial statements, credit
ratings and our Managers clearing arrangements. A regulatory background check is also conducted.
In addition, all approved counterparties are monitored on an ongoing
basis by our Managers and Invesco Aim Advisors credit team and, if they deem a credit situation to be deteriorating, they have the ability
to restrict or terminate trading with this counterparty. We do not
expect to enter into any hedging transactions to mitigate any risks
associated with our repurchase agreement counterparties.
Loans and Securities Held for Investment
Statement
of Financial Accounting Standards No. 115, Accounting for Certain Investments in
Debt and Equity Securities, or SFAS 115, requires that at the time of purchase, we designate a
security as either held-to-maturity, available-for-sale, or trading, depending on our ability and
intent to hold such security to maturity. Securities available-for-sale will be reported at fair
value, while securities held-to-maturity will be reported at amortized cost. Although we generally
intend to hold most of our Agency MBS until maturity, we may, from time to time, sell any of
our Agency MBS as part of our overall management of our investment portfolio. Accordingly,
we will be required to classify all of our securities as available-for-sale. All assets classified
as available-for-sale will be reported at fair value, based on market prices from third-party
sources when available, with unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings and reported as a
separate component of stockholders equity. We do not have an investment portfolio at this time.
We will evaluate securities for other-than-temporary impairment at least on a quarterly basis,
and more frequently when economic or market conditions warrant such evaluation. The determination
of whether a security is other-than-temporarily impaired will involve judgments and assumptions
based on subjective and objective factors. Consideration will be given to (1) the length of time
and the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, (2) the financial condition and
near-term prospects of recovery in fair value of the agency security, and (3) our intent and
ability to retain our investment in the Agency MBS for a period of time sufficient to allow
for any anticipated recovery in fair value. Investments with unrealized losses will not be
considered other-than-temporarily impaired if we have the ability and intent to hold the
investments for a period of time, to maturity if necessary, sufficient for a forecasted market
price recovery up to or beyond the cost of the investments. Unrealized losses on securities that
are considered other-than-temporary, as measured by the amount of the difference between the
securities cost basis and their fair value, will be recognized
in earnings as unrealized losses and
the cost basis of the securities will be adjusted.
Interest Income Recognition
Interest income on available-for-sale securities will be recognized over the life of the
investment using the effective interest method. Interest income on mortgage-backed securities is
recognized using the effective interest
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method as described by SFAS 91, Accounting for Nonrefundable Fees and Costs Associated
with Originating or Acquiring Loans and Initial Direct Costs of
Leases, or SFAS 91, for securities of high
credit quality and Emerging Issues Task Force No. 99-20, Recognition of Interest Income and
Impairment on Purchased and Retained Beneficial Interests in
Securitized Financial Assets, or EITF 99-20, for all
other securities.
Under SFAS 91 and EITF 99-20,
management will estimate, at the
time of purchase, the future expected cash flows and determine the effective interest rate based on
these estimated cash flows and our purchase price. As needed, these estimated cash flows will be
updated and a revised yield computed based on the current amortized cost of the investment. In
estimating these cash flows, there will be a number of assumptions that will be subject to
uncertainties and contingencies. These include the rate and timing of principal payments
(including prepayments, repurchases, defaults and liquidations), the pass through or coupon rate
and interest rate fluctuations. In addition, interest payment shortfalls due to delinquencies on
the underlying mortgage loans have to be judgmentally estimated. These uncertainties and
contingencies are difficult to predict and are subject to future events that may impact
managements estimates and our interest income.
Security transactions will be recorded on the trade date. Realized gains and losses from
security transactions will be determined based upon the specific identification method and recorded
as gain (loss) on sale of available-for-sale securities and loans held for investment in the
statement of income.
We will account for accretion of discounts or premiums on
available-for-sale securities and real estate loans using the effective interest yield method. Such amounts will be included as a
component of interest income in the income statement.
Accounting for Derivative Financial Instruments
Our policies permit us to enter into derivative contracts, including interest rate swaps,
interest rate caps and interest rate floors, as a means of mitigating our interest rate risk. We
intend to use interest rate derivative financial instruments to mitigate interest rate risk rather
than to enhance returns.
We
will account for derivative financial instruments in accordance with
SFAS 133 Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging
Activities, or SFAS 133, as amended
and interpreted. SFAS 133 requires an entity to recognize all derivatives as either assets or
liabilities in the balance sheets and to measure those instruments at fair value. Additionally,
the fair value adjustments will affect either other comprehensive income in stockholders equity
until the hedged item is recognized in earnings or net income depending on whether the derivative
instrument qualifies as a hedge for accounting purposes and, if so, the nature of the hedging
activity.
In the normal course of business, we may use a variety of derivative financial instruments to
manage or hedge interest rate risk. These derivative financial instruments must be effective in
reducing our interest rate risk exposure in order to qualify for hedge accounting. When the terms
of an underlying transaction are modified, or when the underlying hedged item ceases to exist, all
changes in the fair value of the instrument are marked-to-market with changes in value included in
net income for each period until the derivative instrument matures or is settled. Any derivative
instrument used for risk management that does not meet the hedging criteria is marked-to-market
with the changes in value included in net income.
Derivatives will be used for hedging purposes rather than speculation. We will rely on
quotations from a third party to determine these fair values. If our hedging activities do not
achieve our desired results, our reported earnings may be adversely affected.
Fair Value Measurements
The FASB issued SFAS No. 157, Fair Value Measurements, or SFAS 157. SFAS 157 defines fair value,
establishes a framework for measuring fair value and requires enhanced disclosures about fair value
measurements. SFAS 157 requires companies to disclose the fair value of their financial instruments
according to a fair value hierarchy (levels 1, 2, and 3, as defined). Additionally, companies are
required to provide enhanced disclosure regarding instruments in the level 3 category (which
require significant management judgment), including a reconciliation of the beginning and ending
balances separately for each major category of assets and liabilities.
Additionally, the FASB issued SFAS No. 159, The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and
Financial Liabilities, including an amendment of SFAS
No. 115, or SFAS 159. SFAS 159 permits
entities to choose to measure many financial instruments and certain other items at fair value.
Unrealized gains and losses on items for which the fair value option has been elected will be
recognized in earnings at each subsequent reporting date.
Income Taxes
We intend to elect and qualify to be taxed as a REIT, commencing with our taxable year ending
December 31, 2009. Accordingly, we will generally not be subject to corporate U.S. federal or
state income tax to the extent that we make qualifying distributions to our stockholders, and
provided that we satisfy on a continuing basis, through actual investment and operating results, the
REIT requirements including certain asset, income, distribution and stock ownership tests. If we
fail to qualify as a REIT, and do not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, we
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will be subject to U.S. federal, state and local income taxes and may be precluded from
qualifying as a REIT for the subsequent four taxable years following the year in which we lost our
REIT qualification. Accordingly, our failure to qualify as a REIT could have a material adverse
impact on our results of operations and amounts available for distribution to our stockholders.
The dividends paid deduction of a REIT for qualifying dividends to its stockholders is
computed using our taxable income as opposed to net income reported on the financial statements.
Taxable income, generally, will differ from net income reported on the financial statements because
the determination of taxable income is based on tax provisions and not financial accounting
principles.
We may elect to treat certain of our subsidiaries as TRSs. In general, a TRS of ours may hold
assets and engage in activities that we cannot hold or engage in directly and generally may engage
in any real estate or non-real estate-related business. A TRS is subject to U.S. federal, state
and local corporate income taxes.
While a TRS will generate net income, a TRS can declare dividends to us which will be included
in our taxable income and necessitate a distribution to our stockholders. Conversely, if we retain
earnings at a TRS level, no distribution is required and we can increase book equity of the
consolidated entity.
Share-Based Compensation
The Company will follow SFAS 123R, Share-Based Payments, or SFAS 123(R), with regard to
its stock option plan. SFAS 123(R) covers a wide range of share-based compensation arrangements
including share options, restricted share plans, performance-based awards, share appreciation
rights, and employee share purchase plans. SFAS 123 (R) requires that compensation cost
relating to share-based payment transactions be recognized in financial statements. The cost is
measured based on the fair value of the equity or liability instruments issued.
The Company intends to adopt a stock option plan under which its independent directors are eligible
to receive annual nondiscretionary awards of nonqualified stock options. The board
of directors may make appropriate adjustments to the number of shares available for awards and the
terms of outstanding awards under the stock option plan to reflect any change in the Companys
capital structure.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In
March 2008, the FASB issued SFAS 161, Disclosures about
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities, an amendment to SFAS
133, or SFAS 161. This new standard requires enhanced
disclosures for derivative instruments, including those used in
hedging activities. It is effective for fiscal years and interim
periods beginning after November 15, 2008 and will be applicable
to the Company in the first quarter of fiscal 2009. The Company is
assessing the potential impact that the adoption of SFAS 161 may have
on its financial statements.
The FASB issued FSP FAS 140-3 relating to SFAS 140, Accounting
for Transfers of Financial Assets and Repurchase Financing Transactions, or SFAS 140, to
address questions where assets purchased from a particular counterparty and financed through a
repurchase agreement with the same counterparty can be considered and accounted for as separate
transactions. Currently, we are still evaluating our ability to record such assets and the related financing on a gross
basis in our statements of financial condition, and the corresponding interest income and interest
expense in our statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). For assets representing
available-for-sale investment securities, as in our case, any change in fair value will be reported
through other comprehensive income under SFAS No. 115, Accounting for Certain Investments in Debt and
Equity Securities, with the exception of impairment losses, which
will be recorded in the statement of operations and comprehensive (loss) income as realized losses.
FASBs staff position requires that all of the following criteria be met in order to continue the
application of SFAS No. 140 as described above: (1) the initial transfer of repurchase
financing cannot be contractually contingent; (2) the repurchase financing entered into between the
parties provides full recourse to the transferee, and the repurchase price is fixed; (3) the
financial asset has an active market, and the transfer is executed at market rates; and (4) the
repurchase agreement and financial asset do not mature simultaneously.
On October 10, 2008, FASB issued FSP 157-3, Determining the Fair Value of a Financial Asset
When the Market for That Asset Is Not Active, or FSP 157-3, in response to the deterioration of
the credit markets. This FSP provides guidance clarifying how SFAS 157 should be applied when
valuing securities in markets that are not active. The guidance provides an illustrative example
that applies the objectives and framework of SFAS 157, utilizing managements internal cash flow
and discount rate assumptions when relevant observable data does not exist. It further clarifies
how observable market information and market quotes should be considered when measuring fair value
in an inactive market. It reaffirms the notion of fair value as an exit price as of the measurement
date and that fair value analysis is a transactional process and should not be broadly applied to a
group of assets. FSP 157-3 is effective upon issuance including prior periods for which financial
statements have not been issued. FSP 157-3 does not have a material effect on the fair value of its
assets as the Company intends to continue to hold assets that can be valued via level 1 and level 2
criteria, as defined under SFAS No. 157.
Pursuant to Section 133 of the EESA, the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, has
commenced a study of the impact of the fair value or mark-to-market accounting standards,
including, but not limited to: (1) the effects of such accounting standards on a financial
institutions balance sheet; (2) the impacts of such accounting on bank failures in 2008; (3) the
impact of such standards on the quality of financial information available to investors; (4) the
process used by the Financial Accounting Standards Board in developing accounting standards; (5)
the advisability and feasibility of modification to such standards; and (6) alternative accounting
standards to those provided in SFAS 157. The study, which is being conducted in consultation with
the Secretary of the Treasury and the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, is expected
to be completed before the end of the 90-day period beginning on the date of the enactment of this
Act, which is October 3, 2008.
On December 11, 2008, the FASB issued FSP 140-4
and FIN 46(R)-8, Disclosures by Public Entities (Enterprises) about Transfers of Financial Assets and Interests in Variable Interest Entities. The FSP increases
disclosures for public companies about securitizations, asset-backed
financings and variable interest entities. The FSP is effective for reporting periods that end after December 15, 2008.
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Results of Operations
As of the date of this prospectus, we have not commenced any significant operations because we
are in our organization stage. We will not commence any significant operations until we have
completed this offering. We are not aware of any material trends or uncertainties, other than
economic conditions affecting mortgage loans, mortgage-backed securities and real estate,
generally, that may reasonably be expected to have a material impact, favorable or unfavorable, on
revenues or income from the acquisition of real estate-related investments, other than those
referred to in this prospectus.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity is a measurement of our ability to meet potential cash requirements, including
ongoing commitments to pay dividends, fund investments and other general business needs. Our
primary sources of funds for liquidity will consist of the net proceeds from this offering and the concurrent private placements, net
cash provided by operating activities, cash from repurchase agreements and other financing
arrangements and future issuances of common equity, preferred equity, convertible securities, trust
preferred and/or debt securities.
We anticipate that, upon repayment of each borrowing under a repurchase agreement, we will use
the collateral immediately for borrowing under a new repurchase agreement. We have not at the
present time entered into any commitment agreements under which the lender would be required to
enter into new repurchase agreements during a specified period of time.
Under repurchase agreements, we may be required to pledge additional assets to our repurchase
agreement counterparties (lenders) in the event that the estimated fair value of the existing pledged
collateral under such agreements declines and such lenders demand additional collateral, or a
margin call, which may take the form of additional securities or cash. Generally, repurchase
agreements contain a financing rate, term and trigger levels for margin calls and haircuts
depending on the types of collateral and the counterparties involved. If the estimated fair value
of investment securities increase due to changes in market interest rates or market factors,
lenders may release collateral back to us. Specifically, margin calls result from a decline in the
value of the investments securing our repurchase agreements, prepayments on the mortgages securing
such investments and from changes in the estimated fair value of such investments generally due to
principal reduction of such investments from scheduled amortization and resulting from changes in
market interest rates and other market factors. Counterparties also may choose to increase
haircuts based on credit evaluations of our company and/or the performance of the bonds in
question. We believe that the current levels of haircuts are approximately 5% on fixed-rate Agency
MBS that are mortgage pass-through certificates, approximately 5% to
7% on adjustable-rate or hybrid Agency MBS that are
mortgage pass-through certificates and approximately 10% on Agency MBS that are CMOs. Trigger levels for margin calls generally vary from $250,000 to $1 million at the
discretion of the counterparty. The recent disruptions in the
financial and credit markets have resulted in increased volatility in
these levels, and we expect further changes as market conditions continue to change. Should
prepayment speeds on the mortgages underlying our investments or market interest rates suddenly
increase, margin calls on our repurchase agreements could result, causing an adverse change in our
liquidity position.
Invesco Aim Advisors, has been active in the
repurchase agreement lending market since 1980 and currently has master repurchase agreements in place
with a number of counterparties. At December 31, 2008, Invesco Aim Advisors had provided repurchase
agreement financing to these counterparties amounting to
approximately $16.5 billion, including approximately
$2.2 billion of Agency MBS. The portion of Invesco Aim Advisors outstanding repurchase agreement
loans at December 31, 2008 attributable to Agency MBS was less than historical levels due to disruptions
in the financial markets during 2008, including the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy, the Reserve Primary
Fund breaking the buck and other general credit and liquidity concerns. During 2009, Invesco Aim
Advisors is seeing easing in certain credit markets and is optimistic that a recent
increase in Agency MBS lending will continue and expand.
To date, we have signed master repurchase
agreements with financial
institutions, and we are in discussions with
additional financial institutions for repurchase facilities. While lender commitments under repurchase agreements are subject to a number of conditions and
there can be no assurance that any of the financial institutions with
whom we are discussing potential repurchase facilities will enter into financing arrangements with us,
we expect that these repurchase facilities will provide us with sufficient financing to support our
leverage targets.
We believe these identified sources of funds will be adequate for purposes of meeting our
short-term (within one year) liquidity and long-term liquidity needs. Our short-term and long-term
liquidity needs include funding future investments, operating costs and distributions to our
stockholders. Our ability to meet our long-term liquidity and capital resource requirements may be
subject to additional financing. A number of financial institutions,
including potential and current repurchase agreement lenders with
whom we are
speaking, have tightened their lending standards and reduced their
lending overall. If we are unable to obtain or renew our sources of financing or
unable to obtain them on attractive terms, it may have an adverse effect on our business and results
of operations.
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To qualify as a REIT, we must distribute annually at least 90% of our taxable income. These
distribution requirements limit our ability to retain earnings and thereby replenish or increase
capital for operations.
Contractual Obligations and Commitments
Prior to the completion of this
offering, we will enter into a management agreement with our Manager. Our Manager will be entitled
to receive a management fee and the reimbursement of certain expenses. The management fee will be
calculated and payable quarterly in arrears in an amount equal to 1.50% of our stockholders equity
up to $500 million and 1.25% of our stockholders equity in excess of $500 million, per annum,
calculated and payable quarterly in arrears. Our Manager will use the proceeds from its management
fee in part to pay compensation to its officers and personnel who, notwithstanding that certain of
them also are our officers, will receive no cash compensation directly from us. In addition, we
expect to enter into a license agreement with Invesco Holding Company Limited relating to the use
of the Invesco name and logo.
Under
our equity incentive plan, our compensation committee appointed by the
board to administer the plan (or our board of directors, if no such
committee is designated by the board) is authorized to approve grants of
equity-based awards to our directors and executive officers, our
Manager, its personnel and its affiliates as well as certain other
service providers. To date, our board of
directors has not approved any grants of equity awards. See Management Equity Incentive Plan.
We expect to enter into certain contracts that may contain a variety of indemnification
obligations, principally with brokers, underwriters and counterparties to repurchase agreements.
The maximum potential future payment amount we could be required to pay under these indemnification
obligations may be unlimited.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As
of December 31, 2008, we had no off-balance sheet arrangements.
Dividends
We intend to make regular quarterly distributions to holders of our common stock. U.S.
federal income tax law generally requires that a REIT distribute annually at least 90% of its REIT
taxable income, without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gains,
and that it pay tax at regular corporate rates to the extent that it annually distributes less than
100% of its net taxable income. We intend to pay regular quarterly dividends to our stockholders
in an amount equal to our net taxable income. Before we pay any dividend, whether for U.S. federal
income tax purposes or otherwise, we must first meet both our operating requirements and debt
service on our repurchase agreements and other debt payable. If our cash available for
distribution is less than our net taxable income, we could be required to sell assets or borrow
funds to make cash distributions, or we may make a portion of the required distribution in the form
of a taxable stock distribution or distribution of debt securities.
Inflation
Virtually all of our assets and liabilities will be interest rate sensitive in nature. As a
result, interest rates and other factors influence our performance far more so than does inflation.
Changes in interest rates do not necessarily correlate with inflation rates or changes in
inflation rates. Our financial statements are prepared in accordance
with GAAP, and our
distributions will be determined by our board of directors consistent with our obligation to
distribute to our stockholders at least 90% of our net taxable income on an annual basis in order
to maintain our REIT qualification; in each case, our activities and balance sheet are measured
with reference to historical cost and/or fair market value without considering inflation.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
The primary components of our market risk are related to interest rate, prepayment and
market value risk. While we do not seek to avoid risk completely, we believe the risk can be
quantified from historical experience
- 54 -
and seek to actively manage that risk, to earn sufficient compensation to justify taking those
risks and to maintain capital levels consistent with the risks we undertake.
Interest Rate Risk
Interest rate risk is highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary and
tax policies, domestic and international economic and political
considerations, and other factors
beyond our control.
We will be subject to interest rate risk in connection with our investments and our repurchase
agreements. Our repurchase agreements will typically be of limited
duration will be periodically
refinanced at current market rates. We intend to mitigate this risk through utilization of
derivative contracts, primarily interest rate swap agreements, interest rate caps and interest rate
floors.
Interest Rate Effect on Net Interest Income
Our operating results will depend in large part on differences between the yields earned on
our investments and our cost of borrowing and interest rate hedging activities. Most of our
repurchase agreements will provide financing based on a floating rate of interest calculated on a
fixed spread over LIBOR. The fixed spread will vary depending on the type of underlying asset
which collateralizes the financing. Accordingly, the portion of our portfolio which consists of
floating interest rate assets will be match-funded utilizing our expected sources of short-term
financing, while our fixed interest rate assets will not be match-funded. During periods of rising
interest rates, the borrowing costs associated with our investments tend to increase while the
income earned on our fixed interest rate investments may remain substantially unchanged. This will
result in a narrowing of the net interest spread between the related assets and borrowings and may
even result in losses. Further, during this portion of the interest rate and credit cycles,
defaults could increase and result in credit losses to us, which could adversely affect our
liquidity and operating results. Such delinquencies or defaults could also have an adverse effect
on the spread between interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities.
Hedging techniques are partly based on assumed levels of prepayments of our Agency MBS. If
prepayments are slower or faster than assumed, the life of the Agency MBS will be longer or
shorter, which would reduce the effectiveness of any hedging strategies we may use and may cause
losses on such transactions. Hedging strategies involving the use of derivative securities are
highly complex and may produce volatile returns.
Interest Rate Effects on Fair Value
Another component of interest rate risk is the effect changes in interest rates will have on
the market value of the assets we acquire. We will face the risk that the market value of our
assets will increase or decrease at different rates than those of our liabilities, including our
hedging instruments.
We will primarily assess our interest rate risk by estimating the duration of our assets and
the duration of our liabilities. Duration essentially measures the market price volatility of
financial instruments as interest rates change. We generally calculate duration using various
financial models and empirical data. Different models and methodologies can produce different
duration numbers for the same securities.
It is important to note that the impact of changing interest rates on fair value can change
significantly when interest rates change materially. Therefore, the volatility in the fair value
of our assets could increase significantly when interest rates change materially. In addition,
other factors impact the fair value of our interest rate-sensitive investments and hedging
instruments, such as the shape of the yield curve, market expectations as to future interest rate
changes and other market conditions. Accordingly, changes in actual interest rates may have a
material adverse effect on us.
Prepayment Risk
As we receive prepayments of principal on these investments, premiums paid on such investments
will be amortized against interest income. In general, an increase in prepayment rates will
accelerate the amortization of
- 55 -
purchase premiums, thereby reducing the interest income earned on the investments.
Conversely, discounts on such investments are accreted into interest income. In general, an
increase in prepayment rates will accelerate the accretion of purchase discounts, thereby
increasing the interest income earned on the investments.
Extension Risk
Our Manager will compute the projected weighted-average life of our investments based on
assumptions regarding the rate at which the borrowers will prepay the underlying mortgages. In
general, when a fixed-rate or hybrid adjustable-rate security is acquired with borrowings, we may,
but are not required to, enter into an interest rate swap agreement or other hedging instrument
that effectively fixes our borrowing costs for a period close to the anticipated average life of
the fixed-rate portion of the related assets. This strategy is designed to protect us from rising
interest rates, because the borrowing costs are fixed for the duration of the fixed-rate portion of
the related Agency MBS.
However, if prepayment rates decrease in a rising interest rate environment, the life of the
fixed-rate portion of the related assets could extend beyond the term of the swap agreement or
other hedging instrument. This could have a negative impact on our results from operations, as
borrowing costs would no longer be fixed after the end of the hedging
instrument, while the income
earned on the hybrid adjustable-rate assets would remain fixed. This situation may also cause the
market value of our hybrid adjustable-rate assets to decline, with little or no offsetting gain
from the related hedging transactions. In extreme situations, we may be forced to sell assets to
maintain adequate liquidity, which could cause us to incur losses.
Market Risk
Market Value Risk
Our available-for-sale securities will be reflected at their estimated fair value with
unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings and reported in other comprehensive income
pursuant to SFAS 115, Accounting for Certain Investments in Debt and Equity Securities. The
estimated fair value of these securities fluctuates primarily due to changes in interest rates and
other factors. Generally, in a rising interest rate environment, the estimated fair value of these
securities would be expected to decrease; conversely, in a decreasing interest rate environment,
the estimated fair value of these securities would be expected to increase.
Real Estate Risk
Residential property values are subject to volatility and may be affected adversely by a
number of factors, including, but not limited to: national, regional and local economic conditions
(which may be adversely affected by industry slowdowns and other factors); local real estate
conditions (such as an oversupply of housing); changes or continued weakness in specific industry
segments; construction quality, age and design; demographic factors; and retroactive changes to
building or similar codes. In addition, decreases in property values reduce the value of the
collateral and the potential proceeds available to a borrower to repay our loans, which could also
cause us to suffer losses.
Risk Management
To the extent consistent with maintaining our REIT qualification, we will seek to manage risk
exposure to protect our investment portfolio against the effects of major interest rate changes.
We generally seek to manage this risk by:
|
|
|
monitoring and adjusting, if necessary, the reset index and interest rate related to
our Agency MBS and our financings; |
|
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|
attempting to structure our financing agreements to have a range of different
maturities, terms, amortizations and interest rate adjustment periods; |
- 56 -
|
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using hedging instruments, primarily interest rate swap agreements but also
financial futures, options, interest rate cap agreements, floors and forward sales to
adjust the interest rate sensitivity of our Agency MBS and our borrowings; and |
|
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|
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actively managing, on an aggregate basis, the interest rate indices, interest rate
adjustment periods, and gross reset margins of our Agency MBS and the interest rate
indices and adjustment periods of our financings. |
- 57 -
BUSINESS
Our Company
We are a newly-formed Maryland company that will invest in mortgage-backed securities
for which a U.S. Government agency such as Ginnie Mae or a federally chartered corporation such as
Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac, guarantees payments of principal and interest on the securities. We
refer to these securities as Agency MBS. Our Agency MBS investments will include mortgage
pass-through securities and CMOs. We will be externally managed and advised by our Manager, an
SEC-registered investment adviser and indirect wholly owned
subsidiary of Invesco (NYSE: IVZ). Invesco is a
leading independent global investment management company with $357.2 billion in managed assets as
of December 31, 2008, including approximately $10.9 billion of Agency
MBS. We expect to conduct all of our operations through our operating
partnership, of which we are the sole general partner.
Our objective is to provide attractive risk adjusted returns to our investors over the long
term, primarily through dividends and secondarily through capital appreciation. We will generate
income principally from the spread between yields on our investments and our cost of borrowing,
including hedging activities. Our Agency MBS investments will be collateralized by a variety of
loans secured by residential real property, including fixed-rate mortgage loans, or FRMs, adjustable-rate
mortgage loans, or ARMs, and hybrid mortgage loans. We intend to construct a diversified investment
portfolio by focusing on security selection and the relative value of various sectors within the
Agency MBS market. We intend to finance our investments through short-term borrowings structured
as repurchase agreements. To date, we have signed master repurchase
agreements with financial institutions and we are in discussions with
additional financial institutions for repurchase facilities. While lender commitments under repurchase agreements are subject to a number of conditions and
there can be no assurance that any of the financial institutions with
whom we are discussing potential repurchase facilities will enter into financing arrangements with us,
we expect that these repurchase facilities will provide us with sufficient financing to support our
leverage targets.
We will commence operations upon
completion of this offering. We intend to elect and qualify to be taxed as a REIT for U.S.
federal income tax purposes, commencing with our taxable year ending
December 31, 2009. We
generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes on our taxable income to the extent that
we annually distribute all of our net taxable income to stockholders and maintain our intended
qualification as a REIT. We also intend to operate our business in a manner that will permit us to
maintain our exemption from registration under the 1940 Act.
Our Manager
We
will be externally managed and advised by our Manager. Pursuant to the terms of the management agreement, our Manager will provide
us with our management team, including our officers, along with appropriate support personnel.
Each of our officers is an employee of Invesco. We do not expect to have any
employees. Our Manager is not obligated to dedicate any of its employees exclusively to us, nor is
our Manager or its employees obligated to dedicate any specific portion of its or their time to our
business. Our Manager is at all times subject to the supervision and oversight of our board of
directors and has only such functions and authority as we delegate to it.
Our Managers investment professionals have extensive experience in performing advisory
services for funds, other investment vehicles, and other managed and discretionary accounts that
focus on investing in Agency MBS. As of December 31, 2008, our
Manager managed approximately $18.4 billion of structured securities, consisting of approximately
$10.9 billion of Agency MBS,
$3.5 billion of ABS, $2.1 billion of non-Agency MBS and $1.8 billion of CMBS.
Approximately 77% of our Managers existing Agency MBS portfolio is collateralized by FRMs
and approximately 23% is collateralized by ARMs. We expect that our Manager will continue to manage its existing Agency MBS portfolio and
provide management services to its other clients, including affiliates of Invesco.
Neither our Manager nor Invesco has previously managed or advised a public REIT.
We expect to benefit from our Managers portfolio management, finance and administration
functions, which address legal, compliance, investor relations and operational matters, trade
allocation and execution, securities valuation, risk management and information technologies in
connection with the performance of its duties.
Concurrently
with the completion of this offering, we will complete a private
placement in which we will sell
shares
of our common stock to Invesco Ltd., through our Manager, at $ per share and
OP units
to Invesco Ltd., through Invesco Investments (Bermuda) Ltd., at $ per unit, for an aggregate investment equal to 10% of
the gross proceeds raised in this offering, up to $25 million. Upon
completion of this offering and the concurrent private placement,
Invesco Ltd., through our
Manager, will beneficially own 0.50%
of our outstanding common stock (or 0.43% if the underwriters fully
exercise their option to purchase additional shares). Assuming that all OP units are redeemed for an equivalent number of shares of our common
stock, Invesco Ltd., through the Invesco Purchaser, would beneficially own 9.09% of our outstanding common stock upon completion of this offering and the concurrent private
placement (or 8.0% if the underwriters fully exercise their option to purchase additional shares).
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The Invesco Purchaser will agree that, for a period
of one year after the date of this prospectus, it will not, without the prior written consent of
Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC and Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated, dispose of or hedge any
of the shares of our common stock or OP units that it purchases in the concurrent private
placement, subject to certain exceptions and extension in certain circumstances as described
elsewhere in this prospectus.
Invesco Aim Advisors, an
affiliate of our Manager, will serve as our sub-adviser pursuant to an agreement between our Manager and Invesco Aim Advisors. Invesco Aim Advisors will provide input on overall trends in short-term financing markets, make specific
recommendations regarding financing of Agency MBS and provide execution services to us. We do not
expect our Manager to provide these services to us directly. The fees
charged by Invesco Aim Advisors will be paid by our Manager and
will not constitute a reimbursable expense of our Manager under the
management agreement. We expect that the fees charged by
Invesco Aim Advisors to our Manager will be substantially similar to
the fees Invesco Aim Advisors charges to its other clients for
similar services.
About Invesco
Invesco is one of the largest independent global investment management firms with offices
worldwide. As of December 31, 2008, Invesco had
5,325 employees, the majority of whom were
located in North America. Invesco operates under the Invesco Aim, AIM Trimark, Atlantic Trust,
Invesco, Invesco Perpetual, Invesco PowerShares, and WL Ross & Co brands.
Our Competitive Advantages
We believe that our competitive advantages include the following:
Significant Experience of Our Manager
The senior management team of our Manager has a long track record and broad experience in
managing mortgage-related assets through a variety of credit and interest rate environments and has
demonstrated the ability to generate attractive risk-adjusted returns under different market
conditions and cycles. As of December 31, 2008, our Manager managed
approximately $18.4 billion of structured securities, consisting of
approximately $10.9 billion of Agency
MBS, $3.5 billion of ABS, $2.1 billion of non-Agency MBS and $1.8 billion of CMBS.
Approximately 77% of our Managers existing Agency MBS portfolio is collateralized by FRMs and approximately
23% is collateralized by ARMs. We expect that our Manager will continue to manage its existing Agency MBS portfolio and
provide management services to its other clients, including affiliates of Invesco.
Our Managers dedicated
investment team of 11 professionals has extensive experience analyzing and investing in portfolios
of structured securities, including Agency MBS. In addition, an Investment Committee which has a
long history of investing in structured securities, including Agency MBS, will oversee our
investments and compliance with our investment guidelines. We expect to benefit from this varied
expertise, and believe that our Managers investment team provides us with a competitive advantage
relative to companies investing in Agency MBS that have management teams with less experience.
Access to Extensive Repurchase Agreement Financing and Other Strategic Relationships
An affiliate of our Manager and a
sub-adviser to us, Invesco Aim Advisors, has been active in the repurchase agreement lending
market since 1980 and currently has master repurchase agreements in place with a number of
counterparties. At December 31, 2008, Invesco Aim Advisors had provided repurchase agreement
financing to these counterparties equal to approximately $16.5 billion, including approximately
$2.2 billion of Agency MBS. The portion of Invesco Aim Advisors outstanding repurchase agreement
loans at December 31, 2008 attributable to Agency MBS was less than historical levels due to
disruptions in the financial markets during 2008, including the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy,
the Reserve Primary Fund breaking the buck and other general credit and liquidity concerns.
During 2009, Invesco Aim Advisors is seeing easing in certain credit markets
and is optimistic that a recent increase in Agency MBS lending will
continue and expand. To date, we have signed master repurchase
agreements with financial institutions, and we are in
discussions
with additional
financial institutions for repurchase facilities. Many of the
financial institutions with whom we are speaking have long-standing
relationships with Invesco Aim Advisors.
Invesco
Aim Advisors has in place a documented process to mitigate
counterparty risk. Our Manager, together with a dedicated team of
professionals at Invesco Aim Advisors pursuant
to a sub-advisory agreement between our Manager and Invesco Aim
Advisors, follows this established process. During these volatile times in
which a number of repurchase agreement counterparties have either defaulted or ceased to exist, we
feel that it is critical to have controls in place that address this recent disruption in the
markets. All repurchase agreement counterparty approval requests must be
submitted to the team of nine professionals at Invesco Aim Advisors and undergo a rigorous review and approval process to determine whether the
proposed counterparty meets established criteria.
This process involves a credit analysis of each prospective counterparty to ensure that
it meets Invesco Aim Advisors internal credit risk requirements, a review of the counterpartys audited
financial statements, credit ratings and clearing arrangements, and a
regulatory background check.
In addition, all approved counterparties are monitored
on an ongoing basis by Invesco Aim Advisors credit team and, if they deem a credit situation to be deteriorating, they have the ability
to restrict or terminate trading with this counterparty. We do not
expect to enter into any hedging transactions to mitigate any risks
associated with our repurchase agreement counterparties.
Our
Manager and its affiliates, including Invesco Aim Advisors, maintain extensive long-term relationships with other financial
intermediaries, including primary dealers, leading investment banks, brokerage firms, leading
mortgage originators and commercial banks. We believe these relationships will enhance our ability
to source, finance and hedge investment opportunities and, thus, enable us to grow in various
credit and interest rate environments. In addition, we believe our
Managers and its affiliates, including Invesco Aim
Advisors, contacts with numerous investment grade derivative and lending counterparties will assist us in
implementing our financing and hedging strategies.
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Disciplined Investment Approach
We will seek to maximize our risk-adjusted returns through our Managers disciplined
investment approach, which relies on rigorous quantitative and qualitative analysis. Our Manager
will monitor our overall portfolio risk and evaluate the characteristics of our investments in Agency MBS including,
but not limited to, loan balance distribution, geographic concentration, property type, occupancy,
periodic and lifetime interest rate cap, weighted-average loan-to-value and weighted average credit
score. As a newly organized company with no historical investments, we will build an initial
portfolio consisting of currently priced assets and therefore we will
likely not be negatively impacted by the recent price declines experienced by many Agency MBS portfolios. We believe this strategy and
our commitment to capital preservation will provide us with a competitive advantage when operating
in a variety of market conditions.
Access to Our Managers Sophisticated Analytical Tools, Infrastructure and Expertise
We will utilize our Managers proprietary and third-party mortgage-related security and
portfolio management tools to seek to generate an attractive net interest margin from our
portfolio. We intend to focus on in-depth analysis of the numerous factors that influence Agency
MBS including: (1) fundamental market and sector review; (2) rigorous cash flow analysis; (3)
disciplined security selection; (4) controlled risk exposure; and (5) prudent balance sheet
management. In addition, we will utilize these tools to guide the hedging strategies developed by
our Manager to the extent consistent with satisfying the requirements for qualification as a REIT.
Through the use of the tools described above, we will analyze factors that affect the rate at which
mortgage prepayments occur, including changes in the level of interest rates, directional trends in
housing prices, general economic conditions, the locations of the properties securing the mortgage
loans and other social and demographic conditions in order to acquire Agency MBS that we believe
are undervalued. We believe that sophisticated analysis of both macro and micro economic factors
will enable us to manage cash flow and distributions while preserving capital. In addition,
Invescos proprietary Q-Tech investment platform, a unique quality control tool that allows our
Manager to track, evaluate and communicate each investment decision in real time, will facilitate
our Managers ability to make well-informed and disciplined portfolio management decisions.
Our Manager has created and maintains analytical and portfolio management capabilities to aid
in security selection and risk management. We intend to capitalize on the market knowledge and
ready access to data across the MBS markets that our Manager and its affiliates obtain through
their established platform. We will also benefit from our Managers comprehensive finance and
administrative infrastructure, including its risk management and financial reporting
operations, as well as its business development, legal and compliance teams.
Alignment
of Invesco and Our Managers Interests
Concurrently with the completion of this offering, we will
complete a private placement in which we will sell shares of our common
stock to Invesco Ltd., through our Manager, at $ per share and
OP units
to Invesco Ltd., through Invesco Investments (Bermuda) Ltd., at
$ per unit,
for an aggregate investment equal to 10% of the gross proceeds raised
in this offering up to $25 million. Upon completion of this offering and
the concurrent private placement, Invesco Ltd., through our Manager, will beneficially own
0.50% of our common stock (or 0.43% if the underwriters fully exercise their option to purchase additional shares). Assuming that
all OP
units are redeemed for an equivalent number of
shares of our common stock, Invesco Ltd., through the Invesco
Purchaser, would beneficially own 9.09% of our outstanding common stock upon completion
of this offering and the concurrent private
placement (or 8.0% if the underwriters fully exercise their option to purchase
additional shares). We believe that the significant ownership
of our common stock by Invesco Ltd., through the Invesco Purchaser, will align Invesco and
our Managers interests with our interests.
Attractive Risk Profile
We believe that Agency MBS offer attractive returns with minimal credit risk due to the fact
that the principal and interest payments on these securities are guaranteed by a U.S. Government
agency or a federally chartered corporation. We believe that the liquid nature of Agency MBS and
their guarantees enable lenders to provide favorable financing terms relative to other types of
mortgage-related investments.
Tax Advantages of REIT Qualification
Assuming that we meet, on a continuing basis, various qualification requirements imposed upon
REITs by the Internal Revenue Code, we will generally be entitled to a deduction for dividends that
we pay and, therefore, will not be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on our net income
that is distributed currently to our stockholders. This treatment substantially eliminates the
double taxation at the corporate and stockholder levels that results generally from investment in
a corporation.
Recent Market Developments
Since
mid-2007, the residential housing and mortgage markets in the United States
have experienced a variety of difficulties including loan defaults, credit losses and reduced
liquidity. As a result, many lenders have tightened their lending standards, reduced lending
capacity, liquidated significant portfolios or exited the market
altogether, and therefore, financing with
attractive terms is generally unavailable. Since September 2007, we have seen the difference between the yields on Agency MBS and rates on
market financing has increased as the Federal Reserve has lowered the target for the Federal Funds
Rate ten times to a current targeted range of 0% to 0.25%. In response to these unprecedented events, the U.S.
Government has taken a number of actions to improve stability in the financial markets and
encourage lending.
Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008
In
response to general market instability and, more specifically, the
financial conditions of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, on July 30,
2008, the HERA established a new regulator for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the FHFA.
On September 7, 2008, the U.S. Treasury, the
FHFA, and the U.S. Federal Reserve announced a comprehensive action plan to help stabilize the
financial markets, support the availability of mortgage finance and protect taxpayers. Under this
plan, among other things, the FHFA has been appointed as conservator of both Fannie Mae and Freddie
Mac, allowing the FHFA to control the actions of the two GSEs,
without forcing them to liquidate, which would be the case under receivership. Importantly, the
primary focus of the plan is to increase the availability of mortgage
financing by allowing these
GSEs to continue to grow their guarantee business without limit, while limiting net purchase
of Agency MBS to a modest amount through the end of 2009. Beginning
in 2010, these GSEs will
gradually reduce their Agency MBS portfolios. In addition, in an effort to further stabilize the U.S.
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mortgage market, the U.S. Treasury took three additional actions. First, it entered into a
preferred stock purchase agreement with each of the GSEs, pursuant to which $100 billion will
be available to each GSE. Second, it established a new secured credit facility, the GSECF, available to each of Fannie Mae and
Freddie Mac (as well as Federal Home Loan Banks) through December 31, 2009, when other funding
sources are unavailable. Third, it established an Agency MBS
purchase program, under which the
U.S. Treasury may purchase Agency MBS in the open market. This Agency MBS purchase program will also expire on
December 31, 2009. Initially, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac each issued $1.0 billion of senior preferred stock to the
U.S. Treasury and warrants to purchase 79.9% of the fully-diluted common stock outstanding of each
GSE at a nominal exercise price. Pursuant to these agreements,
each of Fannie Maes and Freddie Macs mortgage and Agency MBS
portfolio may not exceed $850 billion as of December 31, 2009, and will decline by 10% each year
until such portfolio reaches $250 billion. After reporting a substantial loss in the third quarter
of 2008, Freddie Mac requested a capital injection of $13.8 billion by the U.S. Treasury pursuant
to its preferred stock purchase agreement. Although the U.S. Government has committed capital to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, there can be
no assurance that these actions will be adequate for their needs.
These uncertainties lead to questions about the future of the GSEs in
their current form, or at all, and the availability of, and trading
market for, Agency MBS. If these actions are inadequate,
and the GSEs continue to suffer losses or cease to exist, our business, operations and financial
condition could be materially adversely affected. See Risk FactorsRisks Related to Our CompanyIf the U.S. Governments recent
actions with respect to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are inadequate or ineffective, our ability to
acquire Agency MBS at attractive prices and/or returns, or at all, may be adversely affected.
Guarantee Program for Money Market Funds
In
an effort to stabilize the money market fund industry, the
U.S. Treasury on September 19, 2008 announced the establishment
of the Temporary Guarantee Program for Money Market Funds, through
which U.S. Treasury guarantees the share price of any publicly offered eligible money market mutual fund - both retail and institutional - that applies for and pays a fee to participate in the program.
The temporary measure will enable the Exchange Stabilization Fund, established in 1934 as part of the Gold
Reserve Act, to insure the holdings of any publicly offered money market mutual fund for both
retail and institutional clients. The current termination date for
the guarantee program is April 30, 2009. The Secretary of the
Treasury, however, may extend the guarantee program to September 18,
2009.
Money
market funds are a vital source of short-term liquidity in the financial markets. Money
market funds provide for repurchase agreement financing by lending cash versus collateral such as
Treasuries and Agency MBS for short periods of time. Pressure on asset prices in the credit
markets has recently caused several money market funds to come under pressure from a pricing and
redemption standpoint. This insurance program will help ease this pressure over time and
should allow lending capacity offered by money market funds to return to more normal levels.
As
we will rely on short-term borrowing in the form of repurchase agreements to fund the
purchase of Agency MBS, we believe that this action should positively impact us by stabilizing a
major source of our anticipated borrowings.
Emergency
Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 and TARP
On
October 3, 2008, President Bush signed into law the
EESA. The EESA provides the Secretary of the U.S. Treasury with the authority to
establish TARP to purchase from financial institutions up to
$700 billion of residential or commercial mortgages and any
securities, obligations or other
instruments that are based on or related to such mortgages, that in each case was originated or
issued on or before March 14, 2008, as well as any other financial instrument that the Secretary of
the U.S. Treasury, after consultation with the Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal
Reserve System, determines the purchase of which is necessary to promote financial market
stability, upon transmittal of such determination, in writing, to the appropriate committees of the
U.S. Congress. As of January 20, 2009, the U.S. Treasury had
announced the establishment of the following programs under TARP.
Capital Purchase Program
The Capital Purchase Program, or the CPP, is a voluntary program designed to encourage U.S. financial institutions to build capital to increase the flow of financing to U.S. businesses and consumers
and to support the U.S. economy. Under this program, the U.S. Treasury is authorized to purchase up to
$250 billion of senior preferred shares in qualifying domestically-controlled banks, savings associations,
and certain bank and savings and loan holding companies engaged only in financial activities. As of
January 13, 2009, the U.S. Treasury had invested approximately $192
billion in 258 publicly-traded
and private banking organizations under the CPP.
Targeted Investment Program
The Targeted Investment Program, or the TIP, is intended to prevent significant market
disruptions that could result from a loss of confidence in a particular financial institution. The U.S.
Treasury will determine whether a financial institution is eligible for the program on a case by case basis
based on a number of considerations. As of January 16, 2009, the
U.S. Treasury had invested $40 billion in two banking organizations under the TIP.
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Systemically Significant Failing Institutions Program
The Systemically Significant Failing Institutions Program, or the SSFIP, is intended to provide
stability and prevent disruption to financial markets that could result from the failure of a systemically
significant institution. The U.S. Treasury will consider whether an institution is systemically significant
and at substantial risk of failure, and thereby eligible for the SSFIP, on a case by case basis based on a
number of considerations. As of January 13, 2008, the U.S. Treasury
had invested $40 billion in one
institution under the SSFIP. This institution was an insurance company and not a bank. However, banks
are certainly of the types of institutions that are eligible for the SSFIF.
Asset Guarantee Program
The Asset Guarantee Program, or AGP, is designed to provide guarantees for assets held by
systemically significant financial institutions that face a high risk of losing market confidence due in large
part to a portfolio of distressed or illiquid assets. The U.S. Treasury will determine the eligibility of
participants and the allocation of resources on a case-by-case basis. In a report to Congress, the U.S.
Treasury stated that it may use this program in coordination with a broader guarantee involving one or
more other U.S. government agencies. As of January 20, 2008, the U.S. Treasury had released no data
about the use of this program.
We
believe that the relatively low cost capital infusions and other
assistance made available to banking organizations under the TARP
programs will improve, the functioning of financial markets will improve as banks make loans supported
by the capital infusions. We further believe that there is a reasonable likelihood that banks will
deploy at least a portion of the capital that they receive in the Agency MBS market, resulting in
narrower Agency MBS spreads.
We anticipate that narrower spreads on Agency MBS will be offset in part by improved financing
levels and rates, as overall liquidity improves. While we anticipate
spreads on Agency MBS and financing spreads will be positively correlated
going forward, there can be no assurance this will occur.
Additionally, the amount of tightening that can occur in financing levels and advance rates is limited by the overall low
absolute level of short-term funding rates. Advance rates on repurchase agreement funding
with respect to Agency MBS generally are approximately 90% to 95% (which
means a 5% to 10% haircut), down from 97% (which means a 3% haircut).
As
the banks overall capital positions improve because of capital
infusions under the TARP programs (and the CPP, in particular), we
believe that they will seek to once again deploy capital through various lending channels,
including repurchase lending.
However,
there can be no assurance that the EESA or the TARP programs will have a beneficial impact on the
financial markets, including on current levels of volatility. To the extent the market does
not respond favorably to the TARP programs or the TARP programs do not function
as intended, our business may not receive the anticipated positive impact from the legislation. We
cannot predict whether or when the TARP programs will have any impact and to what extent it will
affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Hope for Homeowners Act of 2008
On July 30, 2008, the H4H Act was signed into law.
The H4H Act created a new, temporary, voluntary program within the FHA to back FHA-insured mortgages to distressed borrowers.
The Hope for Homeowners program, which is effective from October 1, 2008 through September 30, 2011, will enable
certain distressed borrowers to refinance their mortgages into FHA-insured loans.
Ginnie Mae, which guarantees the payment of principal and interest on Hope for Homeowners MBS,
requires that all loans under the H4H Act must be pooled only under the Ginnie Mae II programs
multiple issuer type, MFS. Ginnie Mae will accept loan
packages under the H4H Act to be pooled
in MFS securities with a November 1, 2008 issue date
and thereafter. If a loan in an existing or seasoned pool is refinanced under this program the prepayment speeds
on existing pools may rise. Depending on whether or not the bond was purchased at a premium or
discount, the yield may be positively or negatively impacted. Furthermore, the coupons
on new pools generated under this program based on refinanced loans may be lower potentially
negatively impacting our yield on new opportunities.
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Other Initiatives
Federal Reserve
During 2008, the Federal Reserve also initiated a number of other programs aimed at improving
broader financial markets, such as establishing a $1.8 trillion commercial paper funding facility
and a $200 billion facility to finance consumer asset-backed
securities. The U.S. Treasury committed $20 billion from TARP to
support the Federal Reserves $200 billion consumer facility. In addition, in order to
provide further liquidity to financial institutions, the Federal Reserve has provided primary
dealers with access to the Federal Reserves discount window and, in instances of distress,
arranged financing for certain holding entities. For example,
in September 2008, the Federal Reserve took action to help
American International Group, or AIG, a large insurance
company, avoid insolvency by providing AIG with an emergency
$85 billion credit facility. By November 2008, AIG needed additional help,
leading the Federal Reserve, in conjunction with the U.S. Treasury, to replace
the $85 billion facility with a revised emergency government assistance package
totaling over $150
billion ($60 billion of which was a credit facility from the Federal
Reserve).
We believe that programs have and will continue to improve
short-term credit markets, including the repurchase financing market.
Given the Federal Reserves actions to date, we believe the Federal Reserve will remain committed to assuring that short-term credit markets function
efficiently, which, in turn, will reduce our borrowing costs over time. The Federal Reserve
programs are likely to result in both Agency MBS spreads tightening and improved liquidity in this
market. The improved liquidity should increase the availability and attractiveness of repurchase
financing, as banks become more comfortable with their ability to value and, in the event of
default, efficiently liquidate collateral.
On November 25, 2008, the Federal Reserve announced that it will initiate a program to
purchase $100 billion in direct obligations of Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and the Federal Home Loan
Banks and $500 billion in mortgage-backed securities backed by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie
Mae. The Federal Reserve stated that its actions are intended to reduce the cost and increase the
availability of credit for the purchase of houses, which in turn should support housing markets and
foster improved conditions in financial markets more generally. The purchases of direct
obligations began during the first week of December 2008, and
the purchases of Agency MBS began during the first week of January
2009. The Federal Reserves program to
purchase Agency MBS could cause an increase in the price of Agency MBS, which would
negatively impact the net interest margin with respect to Agency MBS
we expect to purchase.
FDIC
During 2008, the FDIC also initiated programs
in an effort to restore confidence and functioning in the banking system and attempt to reduce
foreclosures through loan modifications. Specifically, the FDIC adopted the Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program,
which has two primary components: the Debt Guarantee Program, by which the FDIC will guarantee the payment of certain
newly issued senior unsecured debt and the Transaction Account
Guarantee Program, by which the FDIC will guarantee
up to an unlimited amount certain transaction
accounts bearing no or minimal interest (e.g. NOW accounts paying no
more than 0.50% interest), until December 31, 2009.
The FDIC
also raised the deposit insurance limits to $250,000 up from $100,000
through December 31, 2009.
Additionally, in an attempt to reduce foreclosures, the FDIC encouraged uniform guidelines for
loan modifications, which include reduction of interest rate, extension of maturity and balance
reductions.
Recent Interagency Coordinated Efforts
The
Federal Reserve, U.S. Treasury and FDIC on January 16, 2009 announced the execution of
agreements under which they would guarantee large pools of assets held by Citigroup and Bank
of America. We believe this action reflects improved coordination among the principal
government agencies responsible for implementing the U.S.
Governments response to the current
financial crisis.
The
agreement with Citigroup (a non-binding version of which was initially announced
November 23, 2008) provides loss protection on an asset pool of approximately $301 billion of
loans and securities backed by residential and commercial real estate and other such assets, all of
which will remain on Citigroups balance sheet. According to a term sheet released by Citigroup,
the first loss position of $39.5 billion would be absorbed by Citigroup, the second loss position
would be absorbed 90% by Treasury, up to its advance of $5 billion, and 10% by Citigroup, the
third loss position would be absorbed 90% by FDIC, up to its advance of $10 billion, and 10% by
Citigroup. Additional losses would be addressed through a loan provided to Citigroup by the
Federal Reserve.
The
agreement with Bank of America called for the U.S. Treasury and FDIC to provide loss
protection on an asset pool of approximately $118 billion of loans, securities backed by residential and
commercial real estate loans, and other such assets. Under the agreement, the first loss position of $10
billion would be absorbed by Bank of America, and the second loss position would be absorbed 90% by
the U.S. Treasury and the FDIC, up to their advance of $10 billion, and 10% by Bank of America.
Additional losses would be absorbed 10% by Bank of America and the remaining 90% through a loan
provided to Bank of America by the Federal Reserve.
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Our Investment Strategy
We will rely on our Managers expertise in identifying assets within our target asset class of
Agency MBS. Our Managers investment team has a strong focus on security selection and the
relative value of various sectors within the agency mortgage market. We expect that the investment
team will make investment decisions on our behalf, which will incorporate their views on the
economic environment and the outlook for the mortgage market, including relative valuation, supply
and demand trends, the level of interest rates, the shape of the yield curve, prepayment rates, and
financing and liquidity, subject to maintaining our REIT qualification and our exemption from
registration under the 1940 Act.
Our investment strategy is designed to enable us to:
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build an investment portfolio consisting of Agency MBS that seeks to generate
attractive returns while having a moderate risk profile; |
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manage financing, interest and prepayment rate risks; |
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capitalize on discrepancies in the relative valuations in the Agency MBS market; |
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provide regular quarterly distributions to stockholders; |
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qualify as a REIT; and |
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remain exempt from the requirements of the 1940 Act. |
We may change our investment strategy and policies without a vote of our stockholders.
We intend to elect and qualify to be taxed as a REIT and to operate our business so as to be
exempt from registration under the 1940 Act, and therefore we will be required to invest a
substantial majority of our assets in loans secured by mortgages on real estate and real
estate-related assets. See Operating and Regulatory Structure. Subject to maintaining our
REIT qualification and our 1940 Act exemption, we do not have any limitations on the amounts we may
invest in our targeted asset class.
Our Targeted Investments
We
will target investments in mortgage pass-through
certificates and CMOs for which the principal and interest payments are guaranteed by a U.S.
Government agency or a federally chartered corporation. Each of these
types of Agency MBS is described below.
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Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates. Single-family residential mortgage pass-through
certificates are securities representing interests in pools of mortgage loans secured
by residential real property where payments of both interest and principal, plus
pre-paid principal, on the securities are made monthly to holders of the securities, in
effect passing through monthly payments made by the individual borrowers on the mortgage loans that underlie the
securities, net of fees paid to the issuer/guarantor and servicers of the
securities. |
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CMOs. CMOs are securities which are structured from U.S. Government agency or
federally chartered corporation-backed mortgage pass-through certificates. CMOs
receive monthly payments of principal and interest. CMOs divide the cash flows which
come from the underlying mortgage pass-through certificates into different classes of
securities. CMOs can have different maturities and different weighted average lives
than the underlying mortgage pass-through certificates. CMOs can re-distribute the
risk characteristics of mortgage pass-through certificates to better satisfy the
demands of various investor types. These risk characteristics would include average
life variability, prepayments, volatility, floating versus fixed interest rate and
payment and interest rate risk. |
Agency MBS differ from other forms of traditional debt securities, which normally provide for
periodic payments of interest in fixed amounts with principal payments at maturity or on specified
call dates. Instead, Agency MBS provide for monthly payments, which consist of both principal and
interest. In effect, these payments are a pass-through of scheduled and prepaid principal
payments and the monthly interest made by the individual borrowers on the mortgage loans, net of
any fees paid to the issuers, servicers or guarantors of the securities.
The principal may be prepaid at any time due to prepayments on the underlying mortgage loans
or other assets. These differences can result in significantly greater price and yield volatility
than is the case with traditional fixed-income securities.
Various factors affect the rate at which mortgage prepayments occur, including changes in the
level and directional trends in housing prices, interest rates, general economic conditions, the
age of the mortgage loan, the location of the property and other social and demographic conditions.
Generally, prepayments on Agency MBS increase during periods of falling mortgage interest
rates and decrease during periods of rising mortgage interest rates. However, this may not always
be the case. We may reinvest principal repayments at a yield that is higher or lower than the
yield on the repaid investment, thus affecting our net interest income by altering the average
yield on our assets.
However, when interest rates are declining, the value of Agency MBS with prepayment
options may not increase as much as other fixed income securities. The rate of prepayments on
underlying mortgages will affect the price and volatility of Agency MBS and may have the
effect of shortening or extending the duration of the security beyond what was anticipated at the
time of purchase. When interest rates rise, our holdings of Agency MBS may experience
reduced returns if the owners of the underlying mortgages pay off their mortgages slower than
anticipated. This is generally referred to as extension risk.
Payments of principal and interest on Agency MBS, although not the market value of the
securities themselves, may be guaranteed by the full faith and credit of the United States, such as
those issued by Ginnie Mae, or by a federally chartered corporation, such as Fannie Mae or Freddie
Mac. See Freddie Mac Gold Certificates, Fannie Mae Certificates and Ginnie Mae
Certificates.
The
types of Agency MBS described above are collateralized by either FRMs, ARMs, or hybrid ARMs. Hybrid ARMs are
mortgage loans that have interest rates that are fixed for an initial period (typically three,
five, seven or ten years) and thereafter reset at regular intervals subject to interest rate caps.
Our allocation between securities collateralized by FRMs, ARMs or hybrid ARMs will depend on
various factors including, but not limited to, relative value, expected future prepayment trends,
supply and demand, costs of hedging, costs of financing, expected future interest rate volatility
and the overall shape of the U.S. Treasury and interest rate swap yield curves. We intend to take
these factors into account when we make investments.
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In the future we may also invest in debentures that are issued and guaranteed by Freddie Mac or
Fannie Mae or mortgage-backed securities the collateral of which is guaranteed by Ginnie Mae,
Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae or another federally chartered corporation.
The
types of mortgage pass-through certificates in which we intend to
invest or which comprise CMOs in which we intend to invest, are
described below.
Freddie Mac Gold Certificates
Freddie Mac is a shareholder-owned, federally-chartered corporation created pursuant to an act
of Congress on July 24, 1970. The principal activity of Freddie Mac currently consists of
the purchase of mortgage loans or participation interests in mortgage loans and the resale of the
loans and participations in the form of guaranteed mortgage-backed securities. Freddie Mac
guarantees to each holder of Freddie Mac gold certificates the timely payment of interest at the
applicable pass-through rate and principal on the holders pro rata share of the unpaid principal
balance of the related mortgage loans. The obligations of Freddie Mac under its guarantees are
solely those of Freddie Mac and are not backed by the full faith and credit of the United States.
If Freddie Mac were unable to satisfy these obligations, distributions to holders of Freddie Mac
certificates would consist solely of payments and other recoveries on the underlying mortgage loans
and, accordingly, defaults and delinquencies on the underlying mortgage loans would adversely
affect monthly distributions to holders of Freddie Mac certificates.
Freddie Mac gold certificates are backed by pools of single-family mortgage loans or
multi-family mortgage loans. These underlying mortgage loans may have original terms to maturity
of up to 40 years. Freddie Mac certificates may be issued under cash programs (composed of
mortgage loans purchased from a number of sellers) or guarantor programs (composed of mortgage
loans acquired from one seller in exchange for certificates representing interests in the mortgage
loans purchased).
Fannie Mae Certificates
Fannie Mae is a shareholder-owned, federally-chartered corporation organized and existing
under the Federal National Mortgage Association Charter Act, created in 1938 and rechartered in
1968 by Congress as a stockholder-owned company. Fannie Mae provides funds to the mortgage market
primarily by purchasing home mortgage loans from local lenders, thereby replenishing their funds
for additional lending. Fannie Mae guarantees to the registered holder of a certificate that it
will distribute amounts representing scheduled principal and interest on the mortgage loans in the
pool underlying the Fannie Mae certificate, whether or not received, and the full principal amount
of any such mortgage loan foreclosed or otherwise finally liquidated, whether or not the principal
amount is actually received. The obligations of Fannie Mae under its guarantees are solely those
of Fannie Mae and are not backed by the full faith and credit of the United States. If Fannie Mae
were unable to satisfy its obligations, distributions to holders of Fannie Mae certificates would
consist solely of payments and other recoveries on the underlying mortgage loans and, accordingly,
defaults and delinquencies on the underlying mortgage loans would adversely affect monthly
distributions to holders of Fannie Mae.
Fannie Mae certificates may be backed by pools of single-family or multi-family mortgage
loans. The original term to maturity of any such mortgage loan generally does not exceed 40 years.
Fannie Mae certificates may pay interest at a fixed rate or an adjustable rate. Each series of
Fannie Mae ARM certificates bears an initial interest rate and margin tied to an index based on all
loans in the related pool, less a fixed percentage representing servicing compensation and Fannie
Maes guarantee fee. The specified index used in different series has included the U.S. Treasury
Index, the 11th District Cost of Funds Index published by the Federal Home Loan Bank of San
Francisco, LIBOR and other indices. Interest rates paid on fully-indexed Fannie Mae ARM
certificates equal the applicable index rate plus a specified number of percentage points. The
majority of series of Fannie Mae ARM certificates issued to date have evidenced pools of mortgage
loans with monthly, semi-annual or annual interest rate adjustments. Adjustments in the interest
rates paid are generally limited to an annual increase or decrease of either 1.00% or 2.00% and to
a lifetime cap of 5.00% or 6.00% over the initial interest rate.
Ginnie Mae Certificates
Ginnie Mae is a wholly owned corporate instrumentality of the United States within
HUD. The National Housing Act of 1934 authorizes
Ginnie Mae to guarantee the timely payment of the principal of and interest on certificates which
represent an interest in a pool of mortgages insured by the FHA
or partially guaranteed by the Department of Veterans Affairs and other loans eligible for
inclusion in mortgage pools underlying Ginnie Mae certificates. Section 306(g) of the Housing Act
provides that the full faith and credit of the United States is pledged to the payment of all
amounts which may be required to be paid under any guarantee by Ginnie Mae.
At present, most Ginnie Mae certificates are backed by single-family mortgage loans. The
interest rate paid on Ginnie Mae certificates may be a fixed rate or an adjustable rate. The
interest rate on Ginnie Mae certificates issued under Ginnie Maes standard ARM program adjusts
annually in relation to the Treasury index. Adjustments in the interest rate are generally limited
to an annual increase or decrease of 1.00% and to a lifetime cap of 5.00% over the initial coupon
rate.
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Investment Methods
We may, in the future, utilize to-be-announced forward contracts, or TBAs, in order to
invest in Agency MBS. Pursuant to these TBAs, we would agree to purchase, for future
delivery, Agency MBS with certain principal and interest terms and certain types of
underlying collateral, but the particular Agency MBS to be delivered would not be identified
until shortly before the TBA settlement date. Our ability to purchase Agency MBS through
TBAs may be limited by the 75% asset test applicable to REITs. See U.S. Federal Income Tax
ConsiderationsAsset Tests and U.S. Federal Income Tax ConsiderationsGross Income Tests.
Investment Sourcing
We expect our Manager to take advantage of the broad network of relationships it and Invesco
have established to identify investment opportunities. Our Manager
and its affiliates, including Invesco Aim Advisors, have
extensive long-term relationships with financial intermediaries, including primary dealers, leading
investment banks, brokerage firms, leading mortgage originators and commercial banks.
Investing in, and sourcing financing for, Agency MBS is highly competitive. Although our
Manager competes with many other investment managers for profitable investment opportunities in
fixed-income asset classes and related investment opportunities and sources of financing, we
believe that a combination of our Managers experience, together with the vast resources and
relationships of Invesco, provide us with a significant advantage in identifying and capitalizing
on attractive opportunities.
Investment Guidelines
Our board of directors has adopted the following investment guidelines:
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no investment shall be made that would cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT for
federal income tax purposes; |
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no investment shall be made that would cause us to be regulated as an investment
company under the 1940 Act; |
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our assets will be invested in Agency MBS; and |
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until appropriate investments can be identified, our Manager may invest
the proceeds of this and any future offerings in
interest-bearing, short-term investments, including money market accounts and/or funds, that are
consistent with our intention to qualify as a REIT. |
These investment guidelines may be changed from time to time by our board of directors without
the approval of our stockholders.
Investment Committee
Our
Manager has an Investment Committee comprised of its officers and
investment professionals. The Investment Committee will periodically review our
investment portfolio and its compliance with
our investment policies and procedures, including these investment
guidelines, and provide to our board of directors an investment
report at the end of each quarter in
conjunction with its review of our quarterly results. From time to time, as it deems appropriate
or necessary, our board of directors also will review our investment portfolio and its compliance
with our investment policies and procedures, including these investment
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guidelines. For a description of the members comprising the Investment Committee, see Our
Manager and The Management AgreementInvestment Committee, and Management.
Investment Process
We expect our investment process will benefit from our Managers resources and professionals.
Moreover our Managers Investment Committee will oversee our investment guidelines and will meet
periodically, at least every quarter, to discuss investment opportunities.
The investment team has a strong focus on security selection and on the relative value of
various sectors within the Agency MBS market. Our Manager will utilize this expertise to
build a diversified portfolio of Agency MBS. Our Manager will incorporate its views on the
economic environment and the outlook for the mortgage market including relative valuation, supply
and demand trends, the level of interest rates, the shape of the yield curve, prepayment rates,
financing and liquidity.
Our investment process will include sourcing and screening of investment opportunities,
assessing investment suitability, conducting interest rate and prepayment analysis, evaluating cash
flow and collateral performance, reviewing legal structure and servicer and originator information
and investment structuring, as appropriate, to seek an attractive return commensurate with the risk
we are bearing. Upon identification of an investment opportunity, the investment will be screened
and monitored by our Manager to determine its impact on maintaining our REIT qualification and our
exemption from registration under the 1940 Act. We will seek to make investments in sectors where
our Manager has strong core competencies and where we believe market risk and expected performance
can be reasonably quantified.
Our Manager evaluates each one of our investment opportunities based on its expected
risk-adjusted return relative to the returns available from other, comparable investments. In
addition, we evaluate new opportunities based on their relative expected returns compared to our
comparable securities held in our portfolio. The terms of any leverage available to us for use in
funding an investment purchase are also taken into consideration, as are any risks posed by
illiquidity or correlations with other securities in the portfolio.
Our Financing Strategy
We intend to employ prudent leverage to increase potential returns to our stockholders and to
fund the acquisition of Agency MBS. Our income will be generated primarily by the difference, or
net spread, between the income we earn on our investments in Agency MBS and the cost of our
financing and hedging activities. Although we are not required to maintain any particular leverage
ratio, the amount of leverage we will deploy for particular investments in Agency MBS will depend
upon our Managers assessment of a variety of factors, which may include, the anticipated liquidity
and price volatility of the assets in our investment portfolio, the gap between the duration of our
assets and liabilities including hedges, the availability and cost of financing the assets, our
opinion of the creditworthiness of our financing
counterparties, the health of the U.S. economy
and housing-related markets, our outlook for the level, slope, and volatility of interest rates,
and our outlook for asset spreads relative to the LIBOR curve. Initially, we expect to deploy, on a debt-to-equity basis, seven times leverage on our Agency MBS. Over time, however, we expect that we will deploy, on a
debt-to-equity basis, from six to ten times leverage on our Agency MBS, although at certain times our leverage may exceed these estimates.
Our financing strategy will depend on market conditions and our Managers outlook for
short-term interest rates.
We expect to finance our investments through short-term borrowings structured as repurchase
agreements. Repurchase agreements are financings pursuant to which we will sell our Agency MBS to
the repurchase agreement counterparty, the buyer, for an agreed upon price with the obligation to
repurchase these assets from the buyer at a future date and at a price higher than the original
purchase price. The amount of financing we will receive under a repurchase agreement is limited to
a specified percentage of the estimated market value of the assets we sell to the buyer. The
difference between the sale price and repurchase price is the cost, or interest expense, of
financing under a repurchase agreement.
Under repurchase agreement financing arrangements, the buyer, or lender, could require us to provide
additional cash collateral (a margin call)
to re-establish the ratio of value of the collateral to the amount of borrowing.
In the current economic climate, we believe that the lender generally will advance a borrower approximately 90% to 95% of the market value of the
securities financed (meaning a 5% to 10% haircut). A significant decrease
in advance rate or an increase
in the haircut) could result in the borrower having to sell securities in order to meet any
additional margin requirements by the lender, regardless of market condition. We expect
to mitigate our risk of margin calls by employing a prudent amount of leverage that is below what could be used under current advance rates.
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An affiliate of our Manager and a sub-adviser to us, Invesco Aim Advisors, has been active in the
repurchase agreement lending market since 1980 and currently has master repurchase agreements in
place with a number of counterparties. At December 31, 2008, Invesco Aim Advisors had provided
repurchase agreement financing to these counterparties equal to approximately $16.5 billion,
including approximately $2.2 billion of Agency MBS. The portion of Invesco Aim Advisors
outstanding repurchase agreement loans at December 31, 2008 attributable to Agency MBS was less
than historical levels due to disruptions in the financial markets during 2008, including the
Lehman Brothers bankruptcy, the Reserve Primary Fund breaking the buck and other general credit
and liquidity concerns. During 2009, Invesco Aim Advisors is seeing
easing in
certain credit markets and is optimistic that a recent increase in Agency MBS lending will continue
and expand. As of February , 2009, our Manager has secured an aggregate of $ in repurchase
agreement financing commitments from financial institutions, including . Our Manager is in
the process of securing additional commitments on our behalf from a number of the counterparties
with whom Invesco Aim Advisors has long-standing relationships.
We plan to leverage our Managers and its affiliates existing relationships with financial
intermediaries, including primary dealers, leading investment banks, brokerage firms, commercial
banks and other repurchase agreement counterparties to execute agreements concurrently with or
shortly after the closing of this offering.
Our investments will serve as collateral for our financings. Any decline in their value, or
perceived market uncertainty about their value, would likely make it difficult for us to obtain
financing on attractive terms or at all, or maintain our compliance with terms of any financing
arrangements already in place. If market conditions result in a decline in the value of our Agency
MBS, our financial position and results of operations could be adversely affected. Current events
in the capital markets have proven to be a challenge for entities that rely on the capital markets
to finance operations. The collateral required to fund positions has increased, as has the cost of
borrowing. The largest increases in haircuts (the difference between the cash we receive from the
counterparty when we initially sell the securities to the counterparty less the value of the
securities) and borrowing costs have occurred in the non-Agency MBS sector. Haircuts and borrowing
rates have also increased in the Agency MBS sector, although they remain lower than in the
non-Agency MBS sector. As haircuts for an asset increase, the allowable leverage for that asset
declines. Based on current market conditions, we intend to employ leverage below the maximum
amount permitted by our repurchase agreements.
Additionally, throughout the credit crisis repurchase agreements have remained available for Agency
MBS. See Risk Factors Risks Related to Financing and Hedging We will depend on repurchase
agreement financing to execute our business plan, and our inability to access funding could have a
material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and business.
To
the extent that we invest in Agency MBS through TBAs in the future, we may enter
into dollar roll transactions using TBAs in which we would sell a TBA and simultaneously purchase a
similar, but not identical, TBA. Our ability to enter into dollar roll transactions with respect
to TBAs may be limited by the 75% gross income test applicable to REITs. See U.S. Federal Income
Tax ConsiderationsGross Income Tests.
Risk Management
As part of our risk management strategy, our Manager will actively manage the financing,
interest rate, prepayment and convexity risks associated with holding a portfolio of Agency MBS.
Interest Rate Hedging
Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we intend to engage in a variety of interest
rate management techniques that seek on one hand to mitigate the influence of interest rate changes
on the values of some of our assets, and on the other hand help us achieve our risk management
objective.
Under the U.S. federal income tax laws applicable to REITs, we generally will be able to enter
into certain transactions to hedge indebtedness that we may incur, or plan to incur, to acquire or
carry real estate assets, although our total gross income from
interest rate hedges that do not meet this requirement and other non-qualifying
income must not exceed 25% of our gross income.
Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we intend to engage in a variety of
interest rate management techniques that seek on one hand to mitigate the influence of interest
rate changes on the values of some of our assets and on the other hand help us achieve our
management objective. We intend to utilize derivative financial instruments, including, among
others, puts and calls on securities or indices of securities, interest rate swaps, interest rate
caps, interest rate swaptions, exchange-traded derivatives, U.S. Treasury securities and options on
U.S. Treasury securities and interest rate floors to hedge all or a portion of the interest rate
risk associated with the financing of our portfolio. Specifically, we will seek to hedge our
exposure to potential interest rate mismatches between the interest we earn on our investments and
our borrowing costs caused by fluctuations in short-term interest rates. In utilizing leverage and
interest rate hedges, our objectives will be to improve risk-adjusted returns and, where possible,
to lock in, on a long-term basis, a favorable spread between the yield on our assets and the cost
of our financing. We will rely on our Managers expertise to manage these risks on our behalf.
The U.S. federal income tax rules applicable to REITs, may require us to implement certain of
these techniques through a TRS that is fully subject to U.S. federal corporate income taxation.
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Policies With Respect to Certain Other Activities
If our board of directors determines that additional funding is required, we may raise such
funds through additional offerings of equity or debt securities or the retention of cash flow
(subject to provisions in the Internal Revenue Code concerning distribution requirements and the
taxability of undistributed REIT taxable income) or a combination of these methods. In the event
that our board of directors determines to raise additional equity capital, it has the authority,
without stockholder approval, to issue additional common stock or preferred stock in any manner and
on such terms and for such consideration as it deems appropriate, at any time.
In addition, we may borrow money to finance the acquisition of investments. We intend to use
traditional forms of financing, such as repurchase agreements. We also may utilize structured
financing techniques to create attractively priced non-recourse financing at an all-in borrowing
cost that is lower than that provided by traditional sources of financing and that provide
long-term, floating rate financing. Our investment guidelines and our portfolio and leverage are
periodically reviewed by our board of directors as part of their oversight of our Manager.
As of the date of this prospectus, we do not intend to offer equity or debt securities in exchange for
property. We have not in the past but may in the future repurchase or otherwise reacquire our shares.
As of the date of this prospectus, we do not intend to invest in the securities of other REITs,
other entities engaged in real estate activities or securities of other issuers for the purpose of
exercising control over such entities.
We engage in the purchase and sale of investments. We have not in the past but may in the future make
loans to third parties in the ordinary course of business for investment purposes. As of the date of
this prospectus, we do not intend to underwrite the securities of other issuers.
We intend to furnish our stockholders with annual reports containing consolidated financial statements
audited by our independent certified public accountants and file quarterly reports with the SEC
containing unaudited consolidated financial statements for each of the first three quarters of each fiscal year.
Our board of directors may change any of these policies without prior notice to you or a vote
of our stockholders.
Market Risk Management
Risk management is an integral component of our strategy to deliver returns to our
stockholders. Because we will invest in Agency MBS, investment losses from prepayment, interest
rate volatility or other risks can meaningfully reduce or eliminate our distributions to
stockholders. In addition, because we will employ financial leverage in funding our portfolio,
mismatches in the maturities of our assets and liabilities can create risk in the need to
continually renew or otherwise refinance our liabilities. Our net interest margins will be
dependent upon a positive spread between the returns on our asset portfolio and our overall cost of
funding. To minimize the risks to our portfolio, we will actively employ portfolio-wide and
security-specific risk measurement and management processes in our daily operations. Our Managers risk
management tools include software and services licensed or purchased from third parties, in
addition to proprietary software and analytical methods developed by Invesco. There can be no
guarantee that these tools will protect us from market risks.
Operating and Regulatory Structure
REIT Qualification
We intend to elect to qualify as a REIT under Sections 856 through 859 of the Internal Revenue
Code commencing with our taxable year ending on December 31, 2009. Our qualification as a REIT
depends upon our ability to meet on a continuing basis, through actual investment and operating
results, various complex requirements under the Internal Revenue Code relating to, among other
things, the sources of our gross income, the composition and values of our assets, our distribution
levels and the diversity of ownership of our shares. We believe that we have been organized in
conformity with the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the Internal
Revenue Code, and that our intended manner of operation will enable us to meet the requirements for
qualification and taxation as a REIT.
So long as we qualify as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax
on our REIT taxable income we distribute currently to our stockholders. If we fail to qualify as a
REIT in any taxable year and do not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, we will be
subject to U.S. federal income tax at regular corporate rates and may be precluded from qualifying
as a REIT for the subsequent four taxable years following the year during which we lost our REIT
qualification. Even if we qualify for taxation as a REIT, we may be subject to certain U.S.
federal, state and local taxes on our income or property.
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1940 Act Exemption
We intend to conduct our operations so that we are not required to register as an investment
company under the 1940 Act. Section 3(a)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act defines an investment company as
any issuer that is or holds itself out as being engaged primarily in the business of investing,
reinvesting or trading in securities. Section 3(a)(1)(C) of the 1940 Act defines an investment
company as any issuer that is engaged or proposes to engage in the business of investing,
reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities and owns or proposes to acquire investment
securities having a value exceeding 40% of the value of the issuers total assets (exclusive of
U.S. Government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis. Excluded from the term
investment securities, among other things, are U.S. Government securities and securities issued
by majority-owned subsidiaries that are not themselves investment companies and are not relying on
the exception from the definition of investment company set forth in Section 3(c)(1) or Section
3(c)(7) of the 1940 Act. The company is organized as a holding company that conducts its
businesses primarily through the operating partnership. Both the
company and the operating partnership intend to conduct their
operations so that they do not come within the definition of an
investment company because less than 40% of the value of their total
assets on an unconsolidated basis will consist of investment
securities. The
securities issued to our operating partnership by any wholly owned or majority-owned
subsidiaries that we may form in the future that are excepted from the
definition of investment company based on
Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7) of the 1940 Act,
together with any other investment securities the operating
partnership may own, may not have a value in excess of 40% of the
value of the operating partnerships
total assets on an unconsolidated basis. We will monitor our holdings to ensure continuing and
ongoing compliance with this test. In addition, we believe neither
the company nor the operating partnership will be considered an
investment company under Section 3(a)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act
because it will not engage primarily or
hold itself out as being engaged primarily in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading
in securities. Rather, through the operating partnerships
wholly owned or majority-owned subsidiaries, the
company and the operating partnership are primarily engaged in the
non-investment company businesses of these subsidiaries.
If the value of our operating partnerships investments in its subsidiaries that are excepted
from the definition of investment company by
Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7) of the 1940 Act, together
with any other investment securities it owns, exceeds 40% of its total assets on an unconsolidated
basis, or if one or more of such subsidiaries fail to maintain an exception or exemption from
the 1940 Act, we may have to register under the 1940 Act and could become subject to substantial
regulation with respect to our capital structure (including our ability to use leverage),
management, operations, transactions with affiliated persons (as defined in the 1940 Act),
portfolio composition, including restrictions with respect to diversification and industry
concentration, and other matters.
We expect IAS Asset I LLC to qualify for an exemption from registration under the 1940 Act
as an investment company pursuant to Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the 1940 Act, which is available for
entities primarily engaged in the business of purchasing or otherwise acquiring mortgages and
other liens on and interests in real estate. In
addition, certain of the operating partnerships other subsidiaries that we may form in the
future also may qualify for the Section 3(c)(5)(C) exemption. This exemption generally means that at least 55% of
such subsidiaries portfolios must be comprised of qualifying assets and 80% of each of their
portfolios must be comprised of qualifying assets and real estate-related assets under the 1940
Act. Qualifying assets for this purpose include mortgage loans and other assets, such as Agency MBS issued with respect to an underlying pool of mortgage loans in which we hold all the certificates issued by the pool
that the SEC staff in various no-action letters has determined are the functional equivalent of mortgage loans for the purposes
of the 1940 Act. Although we intend to monitor our portfolio periodically and prior to each
acquisition, there can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain this exemption from
registration for each of these subsidiaries.
Qualification for exemption from registration under the 1940 Act will limit our ability to
make certain investments. For example, these restrictions will limit the ability of our
subsidiaries to invest directly in mortgage-backed securities that represent less than the entire
ownership in a pool of mortgage loans, debt and equity tranches of securitizations and certain ABS
and real estate companies or in assets not related to real estate.
Competition
Our net income will depend, in large part, on our ability to acquire assets at favorable
spreads over our borrowing costs. In acquiring Agency MBS, we will compete with other REITs,
specialty finance companies, savings and loan associations, banks, mortgage bankers, insurance
companies, mutual funds, institutional investors, investment banking firms, financial institutions,
governmental bodies and other entities. See Business Recent Market
Developments. In addition, there are numerous REITs with similar asset
acquisition objectives, including a number that have been recently formed, and others may be
organized in the future. These other REITs will increase competition for the available supply of
mortgage assets suitable for purchase. Many of our anticipated competitors are significantly
larger than we are, have access to greater capital and other resources and may have other
advantages over us. In addition, some of our competitors may have higher risk tolerances or
different risk assessments, which could allow them to consider a
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wider variety of investments and establish more relationships than we can. Current market
conditions may attract more competitors, which may increase the competition for sources of
financing. An increase in the competition for sources of funding could adversely affect the
availability and cost of financing, and thereby adversely affect the market price of our common
stock. See Business Recent Market Developments.
In the face of this competition, we expect to have access to our Managers professionals and
their industry expertise, which may provide us with a competitive advantage and help us assess
investment risks and determine appropriate pricing for certain potential investments. We expect
that these relationships will enable us to compete more effectively for attractive investment
opportunities. In addition, we believe that current market conditions may have adversely affected
the financial condition of certain competitors. Thus, not having a legacy portfolio may also
enable us to compete more effectively for attractive investment opportunities. However, we may not
be able to achieve our business goals or expectations due to the competitive risks that we face.
For additional information concerning these competitive risks, see Risk Factors Risks Related
to Our Investments We operate in a highly competitive market for investment opportunities and
competition may limit our ability to acquire desirable investments in Agency MBS and could also affect the pricing of
these securities.
Staffing
We will be managed by our Manager pursuant to the management agreement between our Manager and
us. All of our officers are employees of Invesco. Upon completion of this offering, we will
have officers but no employees. See Our Manager and The Management AgreementManagement
Agreement.
Legal Proceedings
Neither we nor, to our knowledge, our Manager is currently subject to any legal proceedings
which we or our Manager consider to be material.
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MANAGEMENT
Our
Directors, Director Nominees and Executive Officers
Currently,
we have two directors. Upon completion of the offering, our board of
directors will be comprised of five members. Our directors will each be elected to serve a term of one year. Our
board of directors has determined that each of our director nominees satisfy the listing standards for
independence of the NYSE. Our Bylaws provide that a majority of the entire board of directors may
at any time increase or decrease the number of directors. However, unless our Bylaws are amended,
the number of directors may never be less than the minimum number required by the MGCL nor more
than 15.
The
following sets forth certain information with respect to our
directors, director nominees, executive officers and other key
personnel:
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Name |
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Age |
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Position Held with Us |
G. Mark Armour
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55 |
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Director |
Karen Dunn Kelley
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48 |
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Director |
James
S. Balloun
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70 |
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Director Nominee |
John S. Day
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59 |
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Director Nominee |
Neil Williams
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72 |
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Director Nominee |
Richard J. King
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49 |
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President and Chief Executive Officer |
John Anzalone
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44 |
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Chief Investment Officer |
Donald
R. Ramon
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45 |
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Chief Financial Officer |
Robson
J. Kuster*
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35 |
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Head of Research |
Jason Marshall*
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33 |
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Portfolio Manager |
* Messrs.
Kuster and Marshall are not our executive officers; they are key
personnel of our Manager.
Set
forth below is biographical information for our directors, director
nominees, executive
officers and other key personnel.
Directors
and Director Nominees
G. Mark Armour, Director. Mr. Armour is
the Chief Executive Officer, President and a Director of our Manager. Mr. Armour
is also the Senior Managing Director and Head of Invescos Worldwide
Institutional business, positions he has held since
January 2007. Mr. Armour was previously
the Head of Sales & Client Service for the Worldwide Institutional business. He was Chief
Executive Officer of Invesco Australia from September 2002 until July 2006. Prior to joining
Invesco, Mr. Armour held significant leadership roles in the funds management business, both in
Australia and Hong Kong. He previously served as Chief Investment Officer for ANZ Investments and
spent almost 20 years with the National Mutual/AXA Australia Group, where he was Chief Executive,
and Funds Management from 1998 to 2000. Mr. Armour graduated
with honors with a Bachelor of Economics from
La Trobe University in Melbourne, Australia.
Karen Dunn Kelley, Director. Ms. Dunn Kelley is the Chief Executive Officer of Invesco
Worldwide Fixed Income, with responsibility for its fixed income and cash management business and
is also a member of Invescos Executive Management and Worldwide Institutional Strategy Committees.
She is President and Principal Executive Officer of Short-Term Investments Trust and Aim
Treasurers Series Trust and serves on the board of
directors for the Short-Term Investments Company (Global
Services) plc and Aim Global Management Company, Ltd. Ms. Dunn Kelley joined Invesco Aim
Management Group, Inc. in 1989 as a money market Portfolio Manager. Ms. Dunn Kelley has been in
the investment business since 1982. Ms. Dunn Kelley graduated magna cum laude with a Bachelor of
Science from Villanova University, College of Commerce and Finance.
James S. Balloun, Director Nominee. Mr. Balloun will serve as a non-executive director of our
Company and as Chairman of the Compensation Committee. Mr. Balloun was previously the Chairman and
Chief Executive Officer of Acuity Brands, Inc. from November 2001 until his retirement in September
2004 and was the Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of National Services Industries,
Inc. prior to National Services Industries, Inc.s spin-off of Acuity Brands in November 2001.
Prior to joining National Services Industries, Inc., Mr. Balloun was with McKinsey & Company, Inc.
from 1965 to 1996. Mr. Balloun is on the board of directors of Radiant Systems, Inc. where he is
the Chairman of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, Enzymatic Deinking Technologies,
LLC and Unisen/StarTrac. Mr. Balloun received a Bachelor of
Science from Iowa State University and a Master of Business
Administration from Harvard Business School.
John S. Day, Director Nominee. Mr. Day will serve as a non-executive director of our Company and
as Chairman of the Audit Committee. Mr. Day was previously with Deloitte & Touche LLP
from 2002 until his retirement in December 2005. Prior to joining Deloitte &
Touche LLP, Mr. Day was with Arthur Andersen LLP from 1976 to
2002. Mr. Day serves on the board of
directors of Force Protection, Inc., where he is the Chairman of the Audit Committee, and Lenbrook
Square Foundation, Inc. Mr. Day received a Bachelor of Arts from the
University of North Carolina and a
Master of Business Administration from Harvard Business School.
Neil Williams, Director Nominee. Mr. Williams will serve as a non-executive director of our
Company and as Chairman of the Nominating and Governance Committee. Mr. Williams was previously the general
counsel of Invesco from 1999 to 2002. Mr. Williams was a partner of Alston & Bird
LLP from 1965 to 1999 where he was managing partner from 1984 through 1996. Mr. Williams serves on
the board of directors of Acuity Brands, Inc. where he is the Chairman of the Governance Committee
and on the board of directors of Printpack, Inc. Mr. Williams
received a Bachelor of Arts in 1958 and a
J.D. in 1961 from Duke University.
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Executive
Officers
Richard J. King, CFA, President and Chief Executive Officer. Mr. King is our President and
Chief Executive Officer. He is also a member of the Invesco Worldwide Fixed Income senior management team, and is the Head of
Fixed Income Investment, contributing 24 years of fixed income investment expertise.
Mr. King joined Invesco in 2000 and has held positions as Senior Portfolio Manager and
Product Manager for Core and Core Plus, Head of the Structured Team, and Head of Portfolio
Management, leading a team responsible for portfolio management of
all investment-grade domestic fixed
income portfolios. Prior to Invesco, Mr. King spent two years as Head of Fixed Income at Security
Management, and ten years with Criterion Investment Management, where he served as Chairman of the
Core Sector Group. He also served as Managing Director and Portfolio Manager with Bear Stearns
Asset Management. Starting in 1984, he spent four years with Ohio PERS as an Investment Analyst,
with the responsibility of analyzing and trading corporate bonds and mortgage-backed securities. Mr.
King began his career in 1981, as an auditor for
Touche Ross & Co. Mr. King
received a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration from Ohio State University. Mr. King is a Chartered Financial Analyst.
John
M. Anzalone, CFA, Chief Investment Officer. Mr. Anzalone is our Chief Investment Officer. He is also
a Senior Director and Head of Research & Trading, Mortgage-Backed
Securities for our Manager.
Mr. Anzalone joined Invescos Fixed Income Division in 2002. As the Head of the MBS
group, he is responsible for the application of investment strategy across portfolios consistent
with client investment objectives and guidelines. Additionally, the MBS team is responsible for
analyzing and implementing investment actions in the residential and commercial mortgage-backed
securities sectors. Mr. Anzalone began his investment career in 1992 at Union Trust. In 1994 he
moved to AgriBank, FCB, where he served as a Senior Trader for six years. Mr. Anzalone is also a
former employee of Advantus Capital Management where he was a Senior Trader responsible for trading
mortgage-backed, asset-backed and commercial mortgage securities. Mr. Anzalone received a Bachelor
of Arts in Economics from Hobart College and a
Master of
Business Administration from the Simon School at the University of Rochester. Mr. Anzalone is a
Chartered Financial Analyst.
Donald
R. Ramon, Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Ramon is our Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Ramon has 22 years of banking and financial
institution experience which includes five years working directly with mortgage REITs. Mr. Ramon
began his career in 1986 with SunTrust Banks, Inc. where he held several accounting and internal
audit positions over 13 years, including two years as the Senior Financial Officer for
numerous private mortgage REITs. From 1999 to 2005, Mr. Ramon worked for GE Capital Corporation,
overseeing their U.S. banking operations. In addition, Mr. Ramon spent two years as Chairman
of the Board, Chief Executive Officer and President of GE Money Bank and Monogram Credit Card Bank of Georgia and four
years as Chief Financial Officer for the same. From 2005 to 2008, Mr. Ramon was SVP and Controller of HomeBanc Corp.,
a publicly held mortgage REIT that filed a voluntary petition for
relief under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code in
August 2007. In 2008, Mr. Ramon was named
Acting Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Ramon received a
bachelors degree in Accounting from the University of South Florida.
Mr. Ramon is a Certified Public
Accountant.
Other Key Personnel
Robson J. Kuster, CFA, Head of Research. Mr. Kuster is our Head of Research. He is also
the Head of Structured Securities Research for Invesco Worldwide Fixed Income. Mr. Kuster is responsible
for overseeing all structured securities positions across stable value and total return platforms
and is supported by a team of seasoned analysts. Additionally, he is closely involved in all
structured product development efforts. Mr. Kuster provides the bias decision for mortgage-backed
securities and subordinate asset-backed securities which drive long-term positioning across all
worldwide fixed income product lines. Prior to joining Invesco in 2002, Mr. Kuster served as a
Credit Analyst with Bank One Capital Markets, which he joined in
2000. Mr. Kuster received a
Bachelor of Arts in both Economics and American History from Cornell College and a
Master of Business Administration from DePaul University. Mr. Kuster is a Chartered
Financial Analyst.
Jason
Marshall, Portfolio Manager. Mr. Marshall is our Portfolio Manager. Mr. Marshall is also a Portfolio Manager on Invescos structured team with a focus in the mortgage-backed sector. He is
responsible for providing expertise for the mortgage-related focus products and working
collectively with the structured team to implement strategies throughout the fixed income platform.
Prior to joining Invesco, Mr. Marshall worked for PNC Financial Services Group, Inc., which he
joined in 1997. He was most recently Vice President of Portfolio
Management, responsible for the
trading and strategic implementation of the firms large mortgage-backed securities portfolio. Mr.
Marshall received his Bachelor of Science in Finance from Indiana University of
Pennsylvania and a Master of Business Administration with a concentration in Finance from Duquesne
University.
Corporate Governance Board of Directors and Committees
Our business is managed by our Manager, subject to the supervision and oversight of our board
of directors, which has established investment guidelines described
under Business Investment Guidelines for our Manager to follow in its
day-to-day management of our business. A majority of our board of directors is independent, as
determined by the requirements of the NYSE and the regulations of the SEC. Our directors keep
informed about our business by attending meetings of our
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board of directors and
its committees and through supplemental reports and communications. Our
independent directors meet regularly in executive sessions without the presence
of our corporate officers or non-independent directors.
Upon completion of this offering, our
board of directors will form an audit committee, a compensation committee and a
nominating and corporate governance committee and adopt charters for each of
these committees. Each of these committees will have three directors and will be
composed exclusively of independent directors, as defined by the listing
standards of the NYSE. Moreover, the compensation committee will be composed
exclusively of individuals intended to be, to the extent provided by
Rule 16b-3 of the Exchange Act, non-employee directors and will, at such
times as we are subject to Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code, qualify
as outside directors for purposes of Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue
Code.
Audit
Committee
The audit committee will comprise
Messrs. Balloun, Day and Williams, each of whom will be an independent director
and financially literate under the rules of the NYSE. Mr. Day will chair
our audit committee and serve as our audit committee financial expert, as that
term is defined by the SEC.
The committee assists the board of
directors in overseeing:
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our financial reporting, auditing and internal control activities,
including the integrity of our financial
statements; |
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our compliance with legal and regulatory
requirements; |
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the independent auditors qualifications and independence;
and |
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the performance of our internal audit function and independent
auditor. |
The audit committee is also responsible
for engaging our independent registered public accounting firm, reviewing with
the independent registered public accounting firm the plans and results of the
audit engagement, approving professional services provided by the independent
registered public accounting firm, reviewing the independence of the independent
registered public accounting firm, considering the range of audit and non-audit
fees and reviewing the adequacy of our internal accounting controls.
Compensation
Committee
The compensation committee will
comprise Messrs. Balloun, Day and Williams, each of whom will be an
independent director. Mr. Balloun will chair our compensation committee.
The principal functions of the
compensation committee will be to:
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review and approve on an annual basis the corporate goals and
objectives relevant to Chief Executive Officer compensation, if
any, evaluate our
Chief Executive Officers performance in light of such goals and
objectives and, either as a committee or together with our independent
directors (as directed by the board of directors), determine and approve
the remuneration of our Chief Executive Officer based on such
evaluation; |
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review and oversee managements annual process, if any,
is paid by us for evaluating the
performance of our senior officers and review and approve on an annual
basis the remuneration of our senior officers; |
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oversee our equity-based remuneration plans and
programs; |
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assist the board of directors and the chairman in overseeing the
development of executive succession plans; and |
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determine from time to time the remuneration for our non-executive
directors (including the chairman). |
Nominating and
Corporate Governance Committee
The nominating and corporate governance
committee will comprise Messrs. Balloun, Day and Williams, each of whom will be
an independent director. Mr. Williams will chair our nominating and corporate
governance committee.
The nominating and corporate governance
committee will be responsible for
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providing counsel to the board of directors with respect to the
organization, function and composition of the board of directors and its
committees; |
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overseeing the self-evaluation of the board of directors and the board
of directors evaluation of management; |
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periodically reviewing and, if appropriate, recommending to the board
of directors changes to, our corporate governance policies and procedures;
and |
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identifying and recommending to the board of directors potential
director candidates for nomination. |
Executive and
Director Compensation
Compensation of
Directors
A member of our board of directors who
is also an employee of Invesco is referred to as an executive director.
Executive directors will not receive compensation for serving on our
board of directors. Each non-executive director will receive an upfront fee of
$5,000, an annual base fee for his or her services of $25,000 and an annual deferred
director fee of $25,000 in restricted shares of our common stock
under our equity incentive plan. Base director fees will be paid in cash and deferred director fees
will be paid in restricted shares of our common stock which may not be sold or
transferred during the non-executive directors service on our board of
directors. Both base and deferred director fees will be paid on a quarterly
basis. We will also reimburse each of our directors for their travel expenses
incurred in connection with their attendance at full board of directors and
committee meetings.
We have not made any payments to any of
our directors or director nominees to date.
Executive
Compensation
Because our management agreement
provides that our Manager is responsible for managing our affairs, our executive
officers, who are employees of Invesco, do not receive cash compensation from us
for serving as our executive officers. Instead we will pay our Manager the
management fees described in Our Manager and the Management Agreement
Management Agreement Management Fees and Expense Reimbursements.
However, we have agreed to reimburse our Manager for the compensation expense of our Chief
Financial Officer in respect of the services he provides to us. Our
current Chief Financial Officers annual base salary is $175,000, and he
is eligible to receive an annual bonus between 25% and 100% per annum of
his base salary. We expect our Chief Financial Officer to be
dedicated exclusively to us and, as a result, we will be responsible
for his total compensation. In their
capacities as officers or personnel of Invesco, persons other than
our Chief Financial Officer will devote such portion of
their time to our affairs as is necessary to enable us to operate our business.
Except for certain equity
grants that we may make in the future, our
Manager compensates each of our executive officers. We pay our Manager a
management fee and our Manager uses the proceeds from the management fee in part
to pay compensation to its officers and personnel. We will adopt an equity
incentive plan for our officers, our non-employee directors, our Managers
personnel and other service providers to encourage their efforts toward our
continued success, long-term growth and profitability and to attract, reward and
retain key personnel. See Equity Incentive Plan for detailed description of
our equity incentive plan.
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Equity Incentive
Plan
Prior to the completion of this
offering, we will adopt an equity incentive plan to provide incentive
compensation to attract and retain qualified directors, officers, advisors,
consultants and other personnel, including our Manager and affiliates and
personnel of our Manager and its affiliates, and any joint venture affiliates of
ours. Unless terminated earlier, our equity incentive plan will terminate in 2019, but will continue to
govern unexpired awards. Our equity incentive plan provides for grants of share options,
restricted shares of common stock, phantom shares, dividend equivalent rights and other
equity-based awards up to an aggregate of 6% of the issued and outstanding shares of our common
stock (on a fully diluted basis) at the time of the award, subject to a ceiling of 40 million shares available for issuance
under the plan. In making awards under the plan, our board of directors or the compensation
committee, as applicable, may consider the recommendations of our Manager as to the personnel who
should receive awards and the amounts of the awards. Prior to the completion of this offering, we have
not issued any equity-based compensation.
The equity incentive plan is
administered by the compensation committee appointed for such purposes. The
compensation committee, as appointed by our board of directors, has the full
authority (1) to administer and interpret the equity incentive plan, (2) to
authorize the granting of awards, (3) to determine the eligibility of directors,
officers, advisors, consultants and other personnel, including our Manager and
affiliates and personnel of our Manager and its affiliates, and any joint
venture affiliates of ours, to receive an award, (4) to determine the number of
shares of common stock to be covered by each award (subject to the individual
participant limitations provided in the equity incentive plan), (5) to determine
the terms, provisions and conditions of each award (which may not be
inconsistent with the terms of the equity incentive plan), (6) to prescribe the
form of instruments evidencing such awards and (7) to take any other actions and
make all other determinations that it deems necessary or appropriate in
connection with the equity incentive plan or the administration or
interpretation thereof. In connection with this authority, the compensation
committee may, among other things, establish performance goals that must be met
in order for awards to be granted or to vest, or for the restrictions on any
such awards to lapse. From and after the consummation of this offering, the
compensation committee will consist solely of non-employee directors, each of
whom is intended to be, to the extent required by Rule 16b-3 under the
Exchange Act, a non-employee director and will, at such times as we are subject
to Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code, qualify as an outside director
for purposes of Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code, or, if no committee
exists, the board of directors.
Code of Business
Conduct and Ethics
Our board of directors has established
a code of business conduct and ethics that applies to our officers and directors
and to our Managers officers, directors and personnel when such individuals are
acting for or on our behalf. Among other matters, our code of business conduct
and ethics is designed to deter wrongdoing and to promote:
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honest and ethical conduct, including the ethical handling of actual
or apparent conflicts of interest between personal and professional
relationships; |
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full, fair, accurate, timely and understandable disclosure in our SEC
reports and other public communications; |
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compliance with applicable governmental laws, rules and
regulations; |
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prompt internal reporting of violations of the code to appropriate
persons identified in the code; and |
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accountability for adherence to the code. |
Any waiver of the code of business
conduct and ethics for our executive officers or directors may be made only by
our board of directors or one of our board committees and will be promptly
disclosed as required by law or stock exchange regulations.
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Conflicts of
Interest
We are dependent on our Manager for our
day-to-day management and do not have any independent officers or employees.
Each of our officers and two of our directors, Mr. Armour and Ms. Dunn Kelley,
are employees of Invesco. Our management agreement with our Manager was
negotiated between related parties and its terms, including fees and other
amounts payable, may not be as favorable to us as if it had been negotiated at
arms length with an unaffiliated third party. In addition, the obligations of
our Manager and its officers and personnel to engage in other business
activities, including for Invesco, may reduce the time our Manager and its
officers and personnel spend managing us.
As
of December 31, 2008, Invesco
had $357.2 billion in managed assets, including approximately
$10.9 billion
of Agency MBS, and we will compete for investment opportunities directly with
our Manager or other clients of our Manager or Invesco. As of
December 31,
2008, approximately 94 accounts managed by our Manager had exposure to Agency
MBS. In addition, in the future our Manager may have additional clients that
compete directly with us for investment opportunities, although Invesco has
indicated to us that it expects that we will be the only publicly-traded REIT
advised by our Manager or Invesco whose investment strategy is to invest
substantially all of its capital in Agency MBS. Our Manager and
Invesco Aim Advisors have an investment allocation policy in place
that is intended to enable us to share equitably with the investment
companies and institutional and separately managed accounts that
effect securities transactions in fixed income securities for which
our Manager and Invesco Aim Advisors are responsible in the selection
of brokers, dealers and other trading counterparties. According to this policy,
investments may be allocated by taking into account factors,
including but not limited to investment objectives or strategies, the
size of the available investment, cash availability and cash flow
expectations, and the tax implications of an investment. The
investment allocation policy also requires a fair and equitable
allocation of financing opportunities over time among us and other
accounts. The investment allocation policy also includes other
procedures intended to prevent any of its other accounts from
receiving favorable treatment in accessing investment opportunities
over any other account. The investment allocation policy may be
amended by our Manager and Invesco Aim Advisors at anytime without
our consent. To the extent our Managers or Invesco Aim
Advisors or our business in such a way as to give rise to
conflicts not currently addressed by the investment allocation
policy, our Manager and Invesco Aim Advisors may need to refine its
policy to address such situation. Our independent directors will
review our Managers and Invesco Aim Advisors compliance
with the investment allocation policy. In addition, to avoid any
actual or perceived conflicts of interest with our Manager or Invesco
Aim Advisors, a majority of our independent directors will be
required to approve an investment in any security structured or
issued by an entity managed by our Manager, Invesco Aim Advisors, or
any of their affiliates, or any purchase or sale of our assets by or
to our Manager, Invesco Aim Advisors or their affiliates or an
entity managed by our Manager, Invesco Aim Advisors or its affiliates.
We do not have a policy that expressly
prohibits our directors, officers, security holders or affiliates from engaging
for their own account in business activities of the types conducted by us.
However, subject to Invescos allocation policy, our code of business conduct
and ethics contains a conflicts of interest policy that prohibits our directors,
officers and personnel, as well as employees of our Manager who provide services
to us, from engaging in any transaction that involves an actual conflict of
interest with us.
Limitation of
Liability and Indemnification
Maryland law permits a Maryland
corporation to include in its charter a provision limiting the liability of its
directors and officers to the corporation and its stockholders for money damages
except for liability resulting from (1) actual receipt of an improper
benefit or profit in money, property or services or (2) active and
deliberate dishonesty established by a final judgment as being material to the
cause of action. Our charter contains such a provision and limits the liability
of our directors and officers to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law.
Our charter authorizes us, to the
maximum extent permitted by Maryland law, to indemnify and pay or reimburse
reasonable expenses in advance of final disposition of a proceeding to
(1) any present or former director or officer of our company or
(2) any individual who, while serving as our director or officer and at our
request, serves or has served another corporation, real estate
investment trust,
partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or any other enterprise
as a director, officer, partner or trustee of such corporation, REIT, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or
other enterprise, from and against any claim or liability to which such person
may become subject or which such person may incur by reason of his or her
service in such capacity or capacities. Our Bylaws obligate us, to the maximum
extent permitted by Maryland law, to indemnify and pay or reimburse reasonable
expenses in advance of final disposition of a proceeding to (1) any present
or former director or officer of our company who is made or threatened to be
made a party to the proceeding by reason of his service in that capacity or
(2) any individual who, while serving as our director or officer and at our
request, serves or has served another corporation, REIT,
partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or any other enterprise
as a director, officer, partner or trustee of such corporation, REIT, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or
other enterprise, and who is made or threatened to be made a party to the
proceeding by reason of his service in that capacity. Our charter and Bylaws
also permit us to indemnify and advance expenses to any person who served any
predecessor of our company in any of the capacities described above and to any
personnel or agent of our company or of any predecessor.
The MGCL requires us (unless our
charter provides otherwise, which our charter does not) to indemnify a director
or officer who has been successful, on the merits or otherwise, in the defense
of any proceeding to which he
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is made or threatened
to be made a party by reason of his service in that capacity. The MGCL permits a
corporation to indemnify its present and former directors and officers, among
others, against judgments, penalties, fines, settlements and reasonable expenses
actually incurred by them in connection with any proceeding to which they may be
made or threatened to be made a party by reason of their service in those or
other capacities unless it is established that (1) the act or omission of
the director or officer was material to the matter giving rise to the proceeding
and (A) was committed in bad faith or (B) was the result of active and
deliberate dishonesty, (2) the director or officer actually received an
improper personal benefit in money, property or services, or (3) in the
case of any criminal proceeding, the director or officer had reasonable cause to
believe that the act or omission was unlawful. However, under the MGCL, a
Maryland corporation may not indemnify a director or officer in a suit by or in
the right of the corporation in which the director or officer was adjudged
liable on the basis that a personal benefit was improperly received. A court may
order indemnification if it determines that the director or officer is fairly
and reasonably entitled to indemnification, even though the director or officer
did not meet the prescribed standard of conduct or was adjudged liable on the
basis that personal benefit was improperly received. However, indemnification
for an adverse judgment in a suit by us or in our right, or for a judgment of
liability on the basis that personal benefit was improperly received, is limited
to expenses. In addition, the MGCL permits a corporation to advance reasonable
expenses to a director or officer upon the corporations receipt of (1) a
written affirmation by the director or officer of his good faith belief that he
has met the standard of conduct necessary for indemnification by the corporation
and (2) a written undertaking by him or on his behalf to repay the amount
paid or reimbursed by the corporation if it is ultimately determined that the
appropriate standard of conduct was not met.
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OUR MANAGER AND THE MANAGEMENT AGREEMENT
General
We will be externally
managed and advised by our Manager. Each of our officers is an employee of Invesco. Our Manager will
be entitled to receive a management fee pursuant to the management agreement.
The executive offices of our Manager are located at 1555 Peachtree Street,
NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30309, and the telephone number of our Managers executive
offices is (404) 892-0896.
Executive Officers
and Key Personnel of Our Manager
The following sets forth certain
information with respect to each of the executive officers and certain other key
personnel of our Manager:
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Executive Officer |
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Age |
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Position Held with Our Manager |
G. Mark Armour |
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55 |
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Chief Executive Officer, President and
Director |
David A. Hartley |
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47 |
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Chief Accounting Officer and Director |
Jeffrey H. Kupor |
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40 |
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General Counsel and Secretary |
Todd L. Spillane |
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49 |
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Chief Compliance Officer |
Set forth below is biographical
information for the executive officers and certain other key personnel of our
Manager.
G. Mark Armour. See
Management Our Directors, Director Nominees and
Executive Officers Directors and Director Nominees for his
biographical information.
David A. Hartley, Chief
Accounting Officer and Director. Mr. Hartley is the Chief Accounting
Officer and a Director of our Manager. He has also served as Chief Accounting
Officer of Invesco since April 2004. Mr. Hartley served as Chief
Financial Officer of our Manager from September 1998 to January 2003.
During this time, he was the Head of Institutional Services for our Manager,
providing operational, administrative and back office support to Invesco. Since
1993, Mr. Hartley served as the Principal Accounting Officer for AMVESCAP
PLC, as Invesco was then known. In 1991, Mr. Hartley joined Invesco as
Controller for Invesco North American operations. Mr. Hartley began his
career in 1982 at KPMG Peat Marwick in London before moving to Atlanta in 1987.
Mr. Hartley received a Bachelor of Science in Economics and Accounting from
the University of Bristol. Mr. Hartley is an English Chartered
Accountant.
Jeffrey H. Kupor, General
Counsel and Secretary. Mr. Kupor is the General Counsel and Secretary of
our Manager. He has also served as the Head of Invesco Worldwide
Institutionals
legal department since August 2006. Mr. Kupor served as General
Counsel of Invesco North America from December 2003 until August 2006.
From January 2002 to November 2003, he was the Assistant General
Counsel of AMVESCAP PLC, as Invesco was then known. Mr. Kupor received a
Bachelor of Science in Economics from the Wharton School of the University of
Pennsylvania and a Juris Doctorate from Boalt Hall School of Law of the
University of California at Berkeley.
Todd Spillane, Chief Compliance
Officer. Mr. Spillane is the Chief Compliance Officer of our Manager. He
has also served as Chief Compliance Officer of Invesco U.S. Compliance since
March 2006. As Chief Compliance Officer, Mr. Spillane directs the
compliance teams that support the U.S. Retail and U.S. Institutional operations
of Invesco Aim Advisors and Invesco. Previously, Mr. Spillane served as the Advisory
Compliance Director for Invesco Aim Advisors and was responsible for the management of
the Advisory Compliance group. Prior to joining Invesco Aim Advisors in 2004,
Mr. Spillane was the Vice President of global product development with AIG
Global Investment Group. While at AIG, he also served as Chief Compliance
Officer and Deputy General Counsel for AIG/SunAmerica Asset Group and
AIG/American General Investment Management. Mr. Spillane began his career
in 1988 as an attorney with Aetna Life Insurance Company. He also served as
Director of Compliance for Nicholas-Applegate Capital Management from 1994 to
1999. Mr. Spillane received a Bachelor of Arts in Politics from Fairfield
University and a Juris Doctorate from Western New England School of Law. He is a
member of the Connecticut Bar Association.
Brian P. Norris, CFA,
Portfolio Manager, Mortgage-Backed Securities. Mr. Norris is a
Portfolio Manager on the structured securities team with a focus in the
mortgage-backed sector. He is responsible for trading for the mortgage-related
focus products and works collectively with the structured team to implement
strategies throughout the fixed income platform. Mr. Norris moved to the
investment team in 2006. He has been employed by Invesco since March 2001
and served for five years as an Account Manager, where he was responsible for
communicating the fixed income investment process and strategy to both clients
and consultants. Mr. Norris began his investment career in 1999 with Todd
Investment Advisers in Louisville, Kentucky, as a Securities Trader.
Mr. Norris received a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration
majoring in Finance from the University of Louisville. Mr. Norris is a
Chartered Financial Analyst and a member of the CFA Institute.
Clint Dudley, Portfolio Manager,
Mortgage-Backed Securities. Mr. Dudley is a Portfolio Manager for Invesco
Worldwide Fixed Income and is responsible for the management of mortgage-backed
securities in the long-term investment grade bond funds. Mr. Dudley
joined Invesco Aim Advisors in 1998 as a Systems Analyst in the information technology
department. Mr. Dudley was promoted to Money Market Portfolio Manager in
2000 and assumed his current duties in 2001. Mr. Dudley received a Bachelor of
Business Administration and a Master of Business Administration from Baylor
University. Mr. Dudley is a Chartered Financial Analyst.
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David B. Lyle, Senior Analyst,
Structured Securities. Mr. Lyle joined our Manager in June 2006 as a
Structured Securities Analyst. He is responsible for evaluating and forming
credit opinions of issuers, originators, servicers, insurance providers and
other parties associated with a range of structured securities and related
collateral. Mr. Lyle is also involved in the management of structured
credit vehicles and the development and marketing of new investment products.
Prior to joining Invesco, Mr. Lyle spent three years at Friedman Billings
Ramsey where he was a Vice President in the Investment Banking ABS group. From
2001 to 2003, Mr. Lyle was an Analyst in the Mortgage Finance group at
Wachovia Securities. Mr. Lyle graduated magna cum laude with a Bachelor of
Engineering from Vanderbilt University.
Kevin M. Collins, Senior
Analyst, Structured Securities. Mr. Collins joined our Manager in 2007 and is
currently a Senior Analyst in the Structured Securities division. He is
responsible for evaluating residential mortgage, commercial mortgage and
asset-backed securities investments and determining views on issuers,
originators, servicers, insurance providers, and other parties involved in the
structured securities market. Additionally, Mr. Collins is involved in
identifying new investment strategies and creating related product offerings for
Invesco Worldwide Fixed Income. Prior to joining Invesco, Mr. Collins
raised capital for banks and specialty finance companies by originating and
executing securitizations at Credit Suisse from 2004 to 2007. Mr. Collins began
his career in the Structured Finance Advisory Services practice at Ernst and
Young LLP in 2002. Mr. Collins graduated magna cum laude with a Bachelor of
Science in Accounting from Florida State University.
Laurie F. Brignac, CFA, Senior
Portfolio Manager, Cash Management. Ms. Brignac is a Senior Portfolio
Manager for Invesco Worldwide Fixed Income and is responsible for the management
of all cash management products, including institutional, retail and offshore
money funds, as well as private accounts. She joined Invesco Aim Advisors in 1992 as a
Money Market Trader specializing in the repurchase agreement and time deposit
markets. She was promoted to Investment Officer in 1994 and to Senior Portfolio
Manager in 2002. Her duties have expanded to include all forms of short-term
taxable fixed income securities, but her primary responsibility lies in the
enhanced cash and short-term cash management area. Prior to joining
Invesco Aim Advisors,
Ms. Brignac was a Sales Assistant for HSBC Securities, Inc. She began her
investment career as a Money Market Trader responsible for managing
the Federal Reserve
position at Premier Bank in Louisiana. Ms. Brignac received a Bachelor of
Science in Accounting from Louisiana State University. Ms. Brignac is a
Chartered Financial Analyst and a member of the Association for Investment
Management and Research.
Lyman Missimer III, CFA, Chief
Investment Officer, Cash Management, Senior Vice President of Invesco Aim
Distributors, Inc., Assistant Vice President of Invesco Aim Advisors and
Invesco Aim Capital Management, Inc. Mr. Missimer is responsible for
directing the management of all cash management products including,
institutional, retail, offshore money market funds, as well as enhanced cash and
private accounts. Mr. Missimer has been in the investment business since
1980. He joined Invesco in 1995 as a Senior Portfolio Manager and the Head of
the Money Market desk. Previously, he served as a Senior Portfolio Manager at
Bank of America in Illinois, an Institutional Salesman at Wells Fargo Bank and a
Senior Analyst in the Economics division at Continental Bank. Mr. Missimer
received a Bachelor of Arts in Economics from Dartmouth College and a Master of
Business Administration from The University of Chicago. He is a Chartered
Financial Analyst.
Thomas Gerhardt, Portfolio
Manager, Cash Management. Mr. Gerhardt is a Portfolio Manager for Invesco
Worldwide Fixed Income and is responsible for the management of all cash
management products, including institutional, retail and offshore money funds,
as well as private accounts. Mr. Gerhardt joined Invesco Aim Advisors in 1992 as a
Portfolio Administrator specializing in the pricing of collateral for repurchase
agreements and assisting in the day-to-day operations surrounding the money
market funds. In 1999, he rejoined Invesco Aim Advisors after several years in the
teaching profession. He joined Invesco Aim Advisors Cash Management Marketing team in
2002 as an Internal Wholesaler and he assumed his current position as Portfolio
Manager in 2006. Mr. Gerhardt received a Bachelor of Arts in Communications
from Trinity University and a Master of Business Administration from the
University of St. Thomas.
Mark V. Matthews, Ph.D., Head of Global Process Management. Mr. Matthews joined Invescos
Quantitative Research group in September 2000. He is responsible for developing models and
forecasting tools for fixed income markets. Mr. Matthews develops models and measurement algorithms
for investment opportunity and performance, and works on quantitative product design, risk
measurement, and performance attribution. Mr. Matthews began his career in 1991 as Assistant
Professor of Applied Math at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. From 1996 to 1999, he
worked on security analytics for a financial software company. Immediately prior to joining
Invesco, Mr. Matthews was a Quantitative Analyst in the Equity Trading group at Fidelity
Investments. He became Director of Quantitative Research for Invesco in 2004. In 2007, he joined
Invescos Global Process Management team as Head of Research and Development and was named Head of
Global Process Management in 2008. Mr. Matthews received a Bachelor of Arts from Harvard
University, and a Masters of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in Statistics from Stanford
University.
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Investment
Committee
Our Manager has an Investment Committee
comprised of our Managers professionals comprising Messrs. King, Anzalone,
Kuster, Marshall and Missimer. For biographical information on the members of
the Investment Committee, see Management Our Directors,
Director Nominees and Executive Officers Executive
Officers, Management Our Directors, Director
Nominees and Executive Officers Other Key Personnel and
Our Manager and the Management Agreement Biographical
Information. The role
of the Investment Committee is to oversee our investment guidelines, our
investment portfolio holdings and related compliance with our investment
policies. The Investment Committee will meet as frequently as it believes is
necessary.
Management
Agreement
Upon completion of this offering, we
will enter into a management agreement with our Manager pursuant to which it
will provide for the day-to-day management of our operations. The management
agreement will require our Manager to manage our business affairs in conformity
with the investment guidelines and other policies that are approved and
monitored by our board of directors. Our Managers role as Manager will be under
the supervision and direction of our board of directors.
Management
Services
Our Manager will be responsible for
(1) the selection, purchase and sale of our portfolio investments,
(2) our financing activities, and (3) providing us with investment
advisory services. Our Manager will be responsible for our day-to-day operations
and will perform (or will cause to be performed) such services and activities
relating to our assets and operations as may be appropriate, which may include,
without limitation, the following:
(i) serving as our consultant with
respect to the periodic review of the investment guidelines and other parameters
for our investments, financing activities and operations, any modification to
which will be approved by a majority of our independent directors;
(ii) investigating, analyzing and
selecting possible investment opportunities and acquiring, financing, retaining,
selling, restructuring or disposing of investments consistent with the
investment guidelines;
(iii) with respect to prospective
purchases, sales or exchanges of investments, conducting negotiations on our
behalf with sellers, purchasers and brokers and, if applicable, their respective
agents and representatives;
(iv) negotiating and entering into, on
our behalf, repurchase agreements, interest rate swap agreements and other
agreements and instruments required for us to conduct our business;
(v) engaging and supervising, on our
behalf and at our expense, independent contractors that provide investment
banking, securities brokerage, mortgage brokerage, other financial services, due
diligence services, underwriting review services, legal and accounting services,
and all other services (including transfer agent and registrar services) as may
be required relating to our operations or investments (or potential
investments);
(vi) coordinating and managing
operations of any joint venture or co-investment interests held by us and
conducting all matters with the joint venture or co-investment partners;
(vii) providing executive and
administrative personnel, office space and office services required in rendering
services to us;
(viii) administering the day-to-day
operations and performing and supervising the performance of such other
administrative functions necessary to our management as may be agreed upon by
our
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Manager and our board of directors, including, without limitation,
the collection of revenues and the payment of our debts and obligations and
maintenance of appropriate computer services to perform such administrative
functions;
(ix) communicating on our behalf with
the holders of any of our equity or debt securities as required to satisfy the
reporting and other requirements of any governmental bodies or agencies or
trading markets and to maintain effective relations with such holders;
(x) counseling us in connection with
policy decisions to be made by our board of directors;
(xi) evaluating and recommending to our
board of directors hedging strategies and engaging in hedging activities on our
behalf, consistent with such strategies as so modified from time to time, with
our qualification as a REIT and with our investment guidelines;
(xii) counseling us regarding the
maintenance of our qualification as a REIT and monitoring compliance with the
various REIT qualification tests and other rules set out in the Internal Revenue
Code and Treasury Regulations thereunder and using commercially reasonable
efforts to cause us to qualify for taxation as a REIT;
(xiii) counseling us regarding the
maintenance of our exemption from the status of an investment company required
to register under the 1940 Act, monitoring compliance with the requirements for
maintaining such exemption and using commercially reasonable efforts to cause us
to maintain such exemption from such status;
(xiv) furnishing reports and
statistical and economic research to us regarding our activities and services
performed for us by our Manager;
(xv) monitoring the operating
performance of our investments and providing periodic reports with respect
thereto to the board of directors, including comparative information with
respect to such operating performance and budgeted or projected operating
results;
(xvi) investing and reinvesting any
moneys and securities of ours (including investing in short-term investments
pending investment in other investments, payment of fees, costs and expenses, or
payments of dividends or distributions to our stockholders and partners) and
advising us as to our capital structure and capital raising;
(xvii) causing us to retain qualified
accountants and legal counsel, as applicable, to assist in developing
appropriate accounting procedures and systems, internal controls and other
compliance procedures and testing systems with respect to financial reporting
obligations and compliance with the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code
applicable to REITs and, if applicable, TRSs, and to conduct quarterly
compliance reviews with respect thereto;
(xviii) assisting us in qualifying to
do business in all applicable jurisdictions and to obtain and maintain all
appropriate licenses;
(xix) assisting us in complying with
all regulatory requirements applicable to us in respect of our business
activities, including preparing or causing to be prepared all financial
statements required under applicable regulations and contractual undertakings
and all reports and documents, if any, required under the Exchange Act, the
Securities Act, or by the NYSE;
(xx) assisting us in taking all
necessary action to enable us to make required tax filings and reports,
including soliciting stockholders for required information to the extent
required by the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code applicable to REITs;
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(xxi) placing, or arranging for the
placement of, all orders pursuant to our Managers investment determinations for
us either directly with the issuer or with a broker or dealer (including any
affiliated broker or dealer);
(xxii) handling and resolving all
claims, disputes or controversies (including all litigation, arbitration,
settlement or other proceedings or negotiations) in which we may be involved or
to which we may be subject arising out of our day-to-day operations (other than
with our Manager or its affiliates), subject to such limitations or parameters
as may be imposed from time to time by the board of directors;
(xxiii) using commercially reasonable
efforts to cause expenses incurred by us or on our behalf to be commercially
reasonable or commercially customary and within any budgeted parameters or
expense guidelines set by the board of directors from time to time;
(xxiv) advising us with respect to and
structuring long-term financing vehicles for our portfolio of assets, and
offering and selling securities publicly or privately in connection with any
such structured financing;
(xxv) forming the Investment Committee,
which will propose investment guidelines to be approved by a majority of our
independent directors;
(xxvi) serving as our consultant with
respect to decisions regarding any of our financings, hedging activities or
borrowings undertaken by us including (1) assisting us in developing
criteria for debt and equity financing that is specifically tailored to our
investment objectives, and (2) advising us with respect to obtaining
appropriate financing for our investments;
(xxvii) providing us with portfolio
management;
(xxviii) arranging marketing materials,
advertising, industry group activities (such as conference participations and
industry organization memberships) and other promotional efforts designed to
promote our business;
(xxix) performing such other services
as may be required from time to time for management and other activities
relating to our assets and business as our board of directors shall reasonably
request or our Manager shall deem appropriate under the particular
circumstances; and
(xxx) using commercially reasonable
efforts to cause us to comply with all applicable laws.
Liability and
Indemnification
Pursuant to the management agreement,
our Manager will not assume any responsibility other than to render the services
called for thereunder and will not be responsible for any action of our board of
directors in following or declining to follow its advice or recommendations. Our
Manager maintains a contractual as opposed to a fiduciary relationship with us.
Under the terms of the management agreement, our Manager, its officers,
stockholders, members, managers, directors, personnel, any person controlling or
controlled by our Manager and any person providing sub-advisory services to our
Manager will not be liable to us, any subsidiary of ours, our directors, our
stockholders or any subsidiarys stockholders or partners for acts or omissions
performed in accordance with and pursuant to the management agreement, except
because of acts constituting bad faith, willful misconduct, gross negligence, or
reckless disregard of their duties under the management agreement, as determined
by a final non-appealable order of a court of competent jurisdiction. We have
agreed to indemnify our Manager, its officers, stockholders, members, managers,
directors, personnel, any person controlling or controlled by our Manager and
any person providing sub-advisory services to our Manager with respect to all
expenses, losses, damages, liabilities, demands, charges and claims arising from
acts of our Manager not constituting bad faith, willful misconduct, gross
negligence, or reckless disregard of duties, performed in good faith in
accordance with and pursuant to the management agreement. Our Manager has agreed
to indemnify us, our directors and officers, personnel, agents and any persons
controlling or controlled by us with respect to all expenses, losses, damages,
liabilities, demands, charges and claims arising from acts of our Manager
constituting bad faith, willful misconduct, gross negligence or reckless
disregard of its duties under the management agreement or any claims by our
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Managers personnel
relating to the terms and conditions of their employment by our Manager. Our
Manager will not be liable for trade errors that may result from ordinary
negligence, such as errors in the investment decision making process (such as a
transaction that was effected in violation of our investment guidelines) or in
the trade process (such as a buy order that was entered instead of a sell order,
or the wrong purchase or sale of security, or a transaction in which a security
was purchased or sold in an amount or at a price other than the correct amount
or price). Notwithstanding the foregoing, our Manager will carry errors and
omissions and other customary insurance upon the completion of this offering.
Management
Team
Pursuant to the terms of the management
agreement, our Manager is required to provide us with our management team,
including a Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Investment
Officer, Chief Accounting Officer, Head of Research and Portfolio Manager and
along with appropriate support personnel, to provide the management services to
be provided by our Manager to us. None of the officers or employees of our
Manager will be dedicated exclusively to us.
Our
Manager is required to refrain from any action that, in its sole judgment made in good faith,
(1) is not in compliance with the investment guidelines, (2) would adversely and materially
affect our
status as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code or our status as
an entity intended to be exempted or excluded from investment company status
under the 1940 Act or (3) would violate any law, rule or regulation
of any governmental body or agency having jurisdiction over us or that would
otherwise not be permitted by our charter or Bylaws. If our Manager is ordered to
take any action by our board of directors, our Manager will promptly notify the board of
directors if it is our Managers judgment that such action would adversely and materially affect
such status or violate any such law, rule or regulation or our charter or Bylaws. Our Manager,
its directors, members, officers, stockholders, managers, personnel, employees and any person
controlling or controlled by our Manager and any person providing sub-advisory services to our
Manager will not be liable to us, our board of directors, our stockholders, partners or members,
for any act or omission by our Manager, its directors, officers, stockholders or employees
except as provided in the management agreement.
Term and Termination
The management agreement may be amended
or modified by agreement between us and our Manager. The initial term of the
management agreement expires on the second anniversary of the closing of this
offering and will be automatically renewed for a one-year term each anniversary
date thereafter unless previously terminated as described below. Our independent
directors will review our Managers performance and the management fees annually
and, following the initial term, the management agreement may be terminated
annually upon the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of our independent
directors, based upon (1) unsatisfactory performance that is materially
detrimental to us or (2) our determination that the management fees payable
to our Manager are not fair, subject to our Managers right to prevent such
termination due to unfair fees by accepting a reduction of management fees
agreed to by at least two-thirds of our independent directors. We must provide
180 days prior notice of any such termination. Unless terminated for cause,
our Manager will be paid a termination fee equal to three times the sum of the
average annual management fee during the 24-month period immediately preceding
such termination, calculated as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal
quarter before the date of termination.
We may also terminate the management
agreement at any time, including during the initial term, without the payment of
any termination fee, with 30 days prior written notice from our board of
directors for cause, which is defined as:
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our Managers continued material breach of any provision of the
management agreement following a period of 30 days after written
notice thereof (or 45 days after written notice of such breach if our
Manager, under certain circumstances, has taken steps to cure such breach
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our Managers fraud, misappropriation of funds, or embezzlement
against us; |
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our Managers gross negligence of duties under the management
agreement; |
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the occurrence of certain events with respect to the bankruptcy or
insolvency of our Manager, including an order for relief in an involuntary
bankruptcy case or our Manager authorizing or filing a voluntary
bankruptcy petition; |
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our Manager is convicted (including a plea of nolo contendere) of a
felony; and |
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the dissolution of our Manager. |
Our Manager may assign the agreement in
its entirety or delegate certain of its duties under the management agreement to
any of its affiliates without the approval of our independent directors if such
assignment or delegation does not require our approval under the Investment
Advisers Act of 1940.
Our Manager may terminate the
management agreement if we become required to register as an investment company
under the 1940 Act, with such termination deemed to occur immediately before
such event, in which case we would not be required to pay a termination fee. Our
Manager may decline to renew the management agreement
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by providing us with
180 days written notice, in which case we would not be required to pay a
termination fee. In addition, if we default in the performance of any material
term of the agreement and the default continues for a period of 30 days
after written notice to us, our Manager may terminate the management agreement
upon 60 days written notice. If the management agreement is terminated by
our Manager upon our breach, we would be required to pay our Manager the
termination fee described above.
We
may not assign our rights or responsibilities under the management agreement without the
prior written consent of our Manager, except in the case of assignment to another REIT or other
organization which is our successor, in which case such successor organization will be bound under the
management agreement and by the terms of such assignment in the same manner as we are bound under
the management agreement.
Management Fees
and Expense Reimbursements
We do not expect to maintain an office
or directly employ personnel. Instead we rely on the facilities and resources of
our Manager to manage our day-to-day operations.
Management Fee
We will pay our Manager a management
fee in an amount equal to 1.50% of our stockholders equity up to
$500 million and 1.25% of our stockholders equity in excess of
$500 million, per annum, calculated and payable quarterly in arrears. For
purposes of calculating the management fee, our stockholders equity means the
sum of the net proceeds from all issuances of our equity securities since
inception (allocated on a pro rata basis for such issuances during the fiscal
quarter of any such issuance), plus our retained earnings at the end of the most
recently completed calendar quarter (without taking into account any non-cash
equity compensation expense incurred in current or prior periods), less any
amount that we pay to repurchase our common stock since inception, and excluding
any unrealized gains, losses or other items that do not affect realized net
income (regardless of whether such items are included in other comprehensive
income or loss, or in net income). This amount will be adjusted to exclude
one-time events pursuant to changes in GAAP, and certain non-cash items after
discussions between our Manager and our independent directors and approved by a
majority of our independent directors. Our stockholders equity, for purposes of
calculating the management fee, could be greater or less than the amount of
stockholders equity shown on our financial statements. We will treat
outstanding limited partner interests (not held by us) as outstanding shares of
capital stock for purposes of calculating the management fee. Our Manager uses
the proceeds from its management fee in part to pay compensation to its officers
and personnel who, notwithstanding that certain of them also are our officers,
receive no cash compensation directly from us. The management fee is
payable independent of the performance of our portfolio.
The management fee of our Manager shall
be calculated within 30 days after the end of each quarter and such
calculation shall be promptly delivered to us. We are obligated to pay the
management fee in cash within five business days after delivery to us of the
written statement of our Manager setting forth the computation of the management
fee for such quarter.
Although there is no current intention
to do so, as a component of our Managers compensation, we may in the future
issue to personnel of our Manager stock-based compensation under our equity
incentive plan.
Reimbursement of
Expenses
We will be required to reimburse our
Manager for the expenses described below. Expense reimbursements to our Manager
are made in cash on a monthly basis following the end of each month. Our
reimbursement obligation is not subject to any dollar limitation. Because our
Managers personnel perform certain legal, accounting, due diligence tasks and
other services that outside professionals or outside consultants otherwise would
perform, our Manager is paid or reimbursed for the documented cost of performing
such tasks, provided that such costs and reimbursements are in amounts which are
no greater than those which would be payable to outside professionals or
consultants engaged to perform such services pursuant to agreements negotiated
on an arms-length basis.
We also pay all operating expenses,
except those specifically required to be borne by our Manager under the
management agreement. The expenses required to be paid by us include, but are
not limited to:
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expenses in connection with the issuance and transaction costs
incident to the acquisition, disposition and financing of our
investments; |
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costs of legal, tax, accounting, consulting, auditing, administrative
and other similar services rendered for us by providers retained by our
Manager or, if provided by our Managers personnel, in amounts which are
no greater than those which would be payable to outside professionals or
consultants engaged to perform such services pursuant to agreements
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the compensation and expenses of our directors and the cost of
liability insurance to indemnify our directors and officers; |
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costs associated with the establishment and maintenance of any of our
credit or other indebtedness of ours (including commitment fees,
accounting fees, legal fees, closing and other similar costs) or any of
our securities offerings; |
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expenses connected with communications to holders of our securities or
of our subsidiaries and other bookkeeping and clerical work necessary in
maintaining relations with holders of such securities and in complying
with the continuous reporting and other requirements of governmental
bodies or agencies, including, without limitation, all costs of preparing
and filing required reports with the SEC, the costs payable by us to any
transfer agent and registrar in connection with the listing and/or trading
of our stock on any exchange, the fees payable by us to any such exchange
in connection with its listing, costs of preparing, printing and mailing
our annual report to our stockholders and proxy materials with respect to
any meeting of our stockholders; |
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costs associated with any computer software or hardware, electronic
equipment or purchased information technology services from third-party
vendors that is used for us; |
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expenses incurred by managers, officers, personnel and agents of our
Manager for travel on our behalf and other out-of-pocket expenses incurred
by managers, officers, personnel and agents of our Manager in connection
with the purchase, financing, refinancing, sale or other disposition of an
investment or establishment and maintenance of any of our repurchase
agreements or any of our securities offerings; |
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costs and expenses incurred with respect to market information systems
and publications, research publications and materials, and settlement,
clearing and custodial fees and expenses; |
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compensation and expenses of our custodian and transfer agent, if
any; |
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the costs of maintaining compliance with all federal, state and local
rules and regulations or any other regulatory agency; |
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all taxes and license fees; |
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all insurance costs incurred in connection with the operation of our
business except for the costs attributable to the insurance that our
Manager elects to carry for itself and its personnel; |
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costs and expenses incurred in contracting with third parties,
including affiliates of our Manager, for the servicing and special
servicing of our assets; |
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all other costs and expenses relating to our business and investment
operations, including, without limitation, the costs and expenses of
acquiring, owning, protecting, maintaining, developing and disposing of
investments, including appraisal, reporting, audit and legal fees; |
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expenses relating to any office(s) or office facilities, including but
not limited to disaster backup recovery sites and facilities, maintained
for us or our investments separate from the office or offices of our
Manager; |
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expenses connected with the payments of interest, dividends or
distributions in cash or any other form authorized or caused to be made by
the board of directors to or on account of holders of our securities or of
our subsidiaries, including, without limitation, in connection with any
dividend reinvestment plan; |
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any judgment or settlement of pending or threatened proceedings
(whether civil, criminal or otherwise) against us or any subsidiary, or
against any trustee, director, partner, member or officer of us or of any
subsidiary in his capacity as such for which we or any subsidiary is
required to indemnify such trustee, director, partner, member or officer
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all other expenses actually incurred by our Manager (except as
described below) which are reasonably necessary for the performance by our
Manager of its duties and functions under the management
agreement. |
We will not reimburse our Manager for
the salaries and other compensation of its personnel, except, we will reimburse
our Manager for our allocable share of our Chief Financial Officers
compensation based on the percentage of his or her working time spent on our
affairs as compared to his or her working time spent on other matters for our
Manager. The compensation of our Chief Financial Officer is
competitive with other similarly situated public REITs. See
Management Executive and Director Compensation
Executive Compensation. The fees
charged by Invesco Aim Advisors for the performance of sub-advisory
services to our Manager shall be paid by our Manager and shall not
constitute a reimbursable expense by our Manager under the management
agreement.
In addition, we may be required to pay
our pro rata portion of rent, telephone, utilities, office furniture, equipment,
machinery and other office, internal and overhead expenses of our Manager and
its affiliates required for our operations.
Grants of Equity
Compensation to Our Manager, Its Personnel and Its Affiliates
Under our equity incentive plan, our
compensation committee (or our board of directors, if no such committee is
designated by the board) is authorized to approve grants of equity-based awards
to our Manager, its personnel.
Future equity awards may be made to our
officers or directors and to our Manager and its personnel and affiliates under
our equity incentive plan. See Management Equity
Incentive Plan.
- 87 -
PRINCIPAL
STOCKHOLDERS
Immediately prior to the completion of
this offering, there will be 100 shares of common stock outstanding and one
stockholder of record. At that time, we will have no other shares of capital
stock outstanding. The following table sets forth certain information, prior to
and after this offering, regarding the ownership of each class of our capital
stock by:
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each of our directors and director nominees; |
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each of our executive officers; |
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each holder of 5% or more of each class of our capital stock;
and |
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all of our directors, director nominees and executive officers as a
group. |
In accordance with SEC rules, each
listed persons beneficial ownership includes:
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all shares the investor actually owns beneficially or of
record; |
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all shares over which the investor has or shares voting or dispositive
control (such as in the capacity as a general partner of an investment
fund); and |
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all shares the investor has the right to acquire within 60 days
(such as shares of restricted common stock that are currently vested or
which are scheduled to vest within
60 days). |
Unless otherwise indicated, all shares
are owned directly, and the indicated person has sole voting and investment
power. Except as indicated in the footnotes to the table below, the business
address of the stockholders listed below is the address of our principal
executive office, 1555 Peachtree Street, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30309.
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Percentage of Common Stock Outstanding |
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Immediately Prior to this Offering |
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Immediately After this Offering(2) |
Name and
Address |
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Shares Owned |
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Percentage |
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Shares Owned |
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Percentage |
Invesco Ltd.
(1)
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100 |
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100% |
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0.50 |
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G. Mark
Armour |
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Karen Dunn
Kelley |
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James S.
Balloun
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John S. Day |
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Neil Williams |
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Richard J.
King |
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John Anzalone |
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Donald R.
Ramon |
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All directors, director
nominees and executive officers as a group |
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* |
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Represents less than 1% of the common shares outstanding upon the closing of this offering. |
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(1) |
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Invesco Ltd. is the indirect 100% stockholder of Invesco
Institutional (N.A.), Inc. which purchased 100 shares of common stock
in connection with our initial capitalization and will purchase shares of common stock
in the concurrent private offering.
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(2) |
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Does not reflect
(i) shares
of common stock reserved for issuance upon exercise of the underwriters
over-allotment, and
(ii) shares
of our common stock that may be issued by us upon a redemption
of all of
the OP
units to be owned by Invesco Ltd., through Invesco Investments
(Bermuda) Ltd., upon completion of
this offering. |
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- 88 -
CERTAIN
RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
Prior to the completion of this
offering, we will enter into a management agreement with Invesco Institutional
(N.A.), Inc, our Manager, pursuant to which our Manager will provide the
day-to-day management of our operations. The management agreement requires our
Manager to manage our business affairs in conformity with the policies and the
investment guidelines that are approved and monitored by our board of directors.
The management agreement has an initial two-year term and will be renewed for
one-year terms thereafter unless terminated by either us or our Manager. Our
Manager is entitled to receive a termination fee from us, under certain
circumstances. We are also obligated to reimburse certain expenses incurred by
our Manager. Our Manager is entitled to receive from us a management fee. See
Our Manager and The Management Agreement Management Agreement.
Our executive officers also are
employees of Invesco. As a result, the management agreement between us and our
Manager and the terms of the limited partner interest were negotiated between
related parties, and the terms, including fees and other amounts payable, may
not be as favorable to us as if it had been negotiated with an unaffiliated
third party. See Management Conflicts of Interest and Risk Factors Risks
Related to Our Relationship With Our Manager There are conflicts of interest
in our relationship with our Manager and Invesco, which could result in
decisions that are not in the best interests of our stockholders.
Our management agreement is intended to
provide us with access to our Managers pipeline of assets and its personnel and
its experience in capital markets, credit analysis, debt structuring and risk
and asset management, as well as assistance with corporate operations, legal and
compliance functions and governance. However, our Chief Executive
Officer, Chief
Investment Officer, Chief Financial Officer and
Secretary also serve as officers and employees of Invesco. As a result, the
management agreement between us and our Manager was negotiated between related
parties, and the terms, including fees and other payments payable, may not be as
favorable to us as if it had been negotiated with an unaffiliated third party.
See Management Conflicts of Interest and Risk Factors Risks Related to
Our Relationship With Our Manager There are conflicts of interest in our
relationship with our Manager and Invesco, which could result in decisions that
are not in the best interests of our stockholders.
Related Party
Transaction Policies
To avoid any actual or perceived
conflicts of interest with our Manager, we expect our board of directors to
adopt a policy providing that an investment in any security structured or
managed by our Manager, and any sale of our assets to our Manager and its
affiliates or any entity managed by our Manager and its affiliates, will require
the proper approval of our independent directors. Our independent directors
expect to establish in advance parameters within which our Manager and its
affiliates may act as our counterparty and provide broker, dealer and lending
services to us in order to enable transactions to occur in an orderly and timely
manner.
We also expect our board of directors
to adopt a policy regarding the approval of any related person transaction,
which is any transaction or series of transactions in which we or any of our
subsidiaries is or are to be a participant, the amount involved exceeds
$120,000, and a related person (as defined under SEC rules) has a direct or
indirect material interest. Under the policy, a related person would need to
promptly disclose to our Secretary any related person transaction and all
material facts about the transaction. Our Secretary would then assess and
promptly communicate that information to the Compensation Committee of our board
of directors. Based on its consideration of all of the relevant facts and
circumstances, this committee will decide whether or not to approve such
transaction and will generally approve only those transactions that do not
create a conflict of interest. If we become aware of an existing related person
transaction that has not been pre-approved under this policy, the transaction
will be referred to this committee which will evaluate all options available,
including ratification, revision or termination of such transaction. Our policy
requires any director who may be interested in a related person transaction to
recuse himself or herself from any consideration of such related person
transaction.
Restricted Common
Stock and Other Equity-Based Awards
Our equity incentive plan provides for
grants of restricted common stock and other equity-based awards up to an
aggregate of 6% of the issued and outstanding shares of our common
stock (on a fully diluted basis) at the time of the award, subject to a ceiling
of 40 million shares of our common stock.
- 89 -
Purchases of Common
Stock by Affiliates
Concurrently with the completion of
this offering, we will complete a private placement in which we will sell
shares of our
common stock to Invesco Ltd., through our Manager, at $ per share and
OP units
to Invesco Ltd., through Invesco
Investments (Bermuda) Ltd., at $ per unit for an aggregate investment equal to 10% of the gross proceeds raised in this
offering, up to $25 million. Upon completion of this offering and
the concurrent private placement, Invesco Ltd., through our Manager, will beneficially
own 0.50% of our outstanding common stock
(or 0.43% if the underwriters fully exercise their option to
purchase additional shares). Assuming that all OP units
are redeemed for an equivalent number of shares of our common stock,
Invesco Ltd., through the Invesco
Purchaser, would beneficially own 9.09% of our outstanding
common stock upon completion of this offering and the concurrent private
placement (or 8.0% if the underwriters fully exercise their
option to purchase additional shares). We plan to invest the net proceeds of
this offering and the concurrent private offering in accordance with our
investment objectives and the strategies described in this prospectus.
Indemnification and
Limitation of Directors and Officers Liability
Maryland law permits a Maryland
corporation to include in its charter a provision limiting the liability of its
directors and officers to the corporation and its stockholders for money damages
except for liability resulting from (1) actual receipt of an improper
benefit or profit in money, property or services or (2) active and
deliberate dishonesty established by a final judgment as being material to the
cause of action. Our charter contains such a provision that limits such
liability to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law.
The MGCL permits a corporation to
indemnify its present and former directors and officers, among others, against
judgments, penalties, fines, settlements and reasonable expenses actually
incurred by them in connection with any proceeding to which they may be made or
threatened to be made a party by reason of their service in those or other
capacities unless it is established that:
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the act or omission of the director or officer was material to the
matter giving rise to the proceeding and (1) was committed in bad
faith or (2) was the result of active and deliberate
dishonesty; |
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the director or officer actually received an improper personal benefit
in money, property or services; or |
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in the case of any criminal proceeding, the director or officer had
reasonable cause to believe that the act or omission was
unlawful. |
However, under the MGCL, a Maryland
corporation may not indemnify a director or officer in a suit by or in the right
of the corporation in which the director or officer was adjudged liable on the
basis that personal benefit was improperly received. A court may order
indemnification if it determines that the director or officer is fairly and
reasonably entitled to indemnification, even though the director or officer did
not meet the prescribed standard of conduct or was adjudged liable on the basis
that personal benefit was improperly received. However, indemnification for an
adverse judgment in a suit by us or in our right, or for a judgment of liability
on the basis that personal benefit was improperly received, is limited to
expenses.
In addition, the MGCL permits a
corporation to advance reasonable expenses to a director or officer upon the
corporations receipt of:
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a written affirmation by the director or officer of his or her good
faith belief that he or she has met the standard of conduct necessary for
indemnification by the corporation; and |
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a written undertaking by the director or officer or on the directors
or officers behalf to repay the amount paid or reimbursed by the
corporation if it is ultimately determined that the director or officer
did not meet the standard of conduct. |
Our charter authorizes us to obligate
ourselves and our Bylaws obligate us, to the maximum extent permitted by
Maryland law in effect from time to time, to indemnify and, without requiring a
preliminary determination of the ultimate entitlement to indemnification, pay or
reimburse reasonable expenses in advance of final disposition of a proceeding
to:
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any present or former director or officer of our company who is made
or threatened to be made a party to the proceeding by reason of his or her
service in that capacity; or |
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any individual who, while a director or officer of our company and at
our request, serves or has served another corporation, REIT, partnership,
joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or any other enterprise as a
director, officer, partner or trustee of such corporation, REIT,
partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other
enterprise and who is made or threatened to be made a party to the
proceeding by reason of his or her service in that
capacity. |
Our charter and Bylaws also permit us
to indemnify and advance expenses to any person who served a predecessor of ours
in any of the capacities described above and to any personnel or agent of our
company or a predecessor of our company.
Following
completion of this offering, we may enter into indemnification
agreements with each of our directors and executive officers that
would provide for
indemnification to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law. In addition,
the partnership agreement provides that we, as general partner, and our officers
and directors are indemnified to the fullest extent permitted by law.
Insofar as the foregoing provisions
permit indemnification of directors, officers or persons controlling us for
liability arising under the Securities Act, we have been informed that, in the
opinion of the SEC, this indemnification is against public policy as expressed
in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.
Registration
Rights
We will
enter into a registration
rights agreement with regard to the common stock and OP units owned
by our Manager and Invesco Investments (Bermuda) Ltd., respectively
upon completion of this offering and any shares of common stock that our Manager
may elect to receive under the management agreement or otherwise. Pursuant to
the registration rights agreement, we will grant to our Manager and
Invesco Investments (Bermuda) Ltd., respectively
(1) unlimited demand registration rights to have the shares
purchased by our Manager or granted to them in the future and the
shares that we may issue upon redemption of the OP units purchased by
Invesco Investments (Bermuda) Ltd.
registered for resale, and (2) in certain circumstances, the right to
piggy-back these shares in registration statements we might file in
connection with any future public offering so long as we retain our
Manager as the manager under the management agreement. The
registration rights of our Manager and Invesco Investments (Bermuda) Ltd., respectively
with respect to
the common stock and OP units that they will purchase simultaneously with this offering will
only begin to apply one year after the date of this prospectus. Notwithstanding
the foregoing, any registration will be subject to cutback provisions, and we
will be permitted to suspend the use, from time to time, of the prospectus that
is part of the registration statement (and therefore suspend sales under the
registration statement) for certain periods, referred to as blackout periods.
- 91 -
DESCRIPTION OF
CAPITAL STOCK
The following is a summary of the
rights and preferences of our capital stock . While we believe that the
following description covers the material terms of our capital stock, the
description may not contain all of the information that is important to you. We
encourage you to read carefully this entire prospectus, our charter
and Bylaws
and the other documents we refer to for a more complete understanding of our
capital stock. Copies of our charter and Bylaws are filed as exhibits to the
registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. See Where You Can
Find More Information.
General
Our charter provides that we may issue
up to 450,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, and
50,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $.01 par value per share. Our charter
authorizes our board of directors to amend our charter to increase or decrease
the aggregate number of authorized shares of stock or the number of shares of
stock of any class or series without stockholder approval. After giving effect
to this offering and the other transactions described in this prospectus,
shares of common stock will be issued and
outstanding on a fully diluted basis
( shares
if the underwriters over-allotment option is exercised in full), and no
preferred shares will be issued and outstanding. Under Maryland law,
stockholders are not generally liable for our debts or obligations.
Shares of Common
Stock
All shares of common stock offered by
this prospectus will be duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and
nonassessable. Subject to the preferential rights of any other class or series
of shares of stock and to the provisions of our charter regarding the
restrictions on transfer of shares of stock, holders of shares of common stock
are entitled to receive dividends on such shares of common stock out of assets
legally available therefor if, as and when authorized by our board of directors
and declared by us, and the holders of our shares of common stock are entitled
to share ratably in our assets legally available for distribution to our
stockholders in the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding up after
payment of or adequate provision for all our known debts and liabilities.
The shares of common stock that we are
offering will be issued by us and do not represent any interest in or obligation
of Invesco or any of its affiliates. Further, the shares are not a deposit or
other obligation of any bank, are not an insurance policy of any insurance
company and are not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC, any other governmental
agency or any insurance company. The shares of common stock will not benefit
from any insurance guarantee association coverage or any similar protection.
Subject to the provisions of our
charter regarding the restrictions on transfer of shares of stock and except as
may otherwise be specified in the terms of any class or series of shares of
common stock, each outstanding share of common stock entitles the holder to one
vote on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders, including the election
of directors, and, except as provided with respect to any other class or series
of shares of stock, the holders of such shares of common stock will possess the
exclusive voting power. There is no cumulative voting in the election of our
board of directors, which means that the holders of a majority of the
outstanding shares of common stock can elect all of the directors then standing
for election, and the holders of the remaining shares will not be able to elect
any directors.
Holders of shares of common stock have
no preference, conversion, exchange, sinking fund or redemption rights, have no
preemptive rights to subscribe for any securities of our company and generally
have no appraisal rights. Subject to the provisions of our charter regarding the
restrictions on transfer of shares of stock, shares of common stock will have
equal dividend, liquidation and other rights.
Under the MGCL, a Maryland corporation
generally cannot dissolve, amend its charter, merge with another entity or
engage in similar transactions outside the ordinary course of business unless
approved by the affirmative vote of stockholders holding at least two-thirds of
the votes entitled to be cast on the matter unless a lesser percentage (but not
less than a majority of all of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter) is
set forth in the corporations charter. Our charter provides that these matters
(other than certain amendments to the provisions of our charter related to the
removal of directors and the restrictions on ownership and transfer of our
shares of stock) may be approved by a majority of all of the votes entitled to
be cast on the matter. Our charter also provides that we may sell or transfer
all or substantially all of our assets if approved by our board of directors and
by the affirmative vote of not less than a majority of all the votes entitled to
be cast on the matter.
- 92 -
Power to Reclassify
Our Unissued Shares of Stock
Our charter authorizes our board of
directors to classify and reclassify any unissued shares of common or preferred
stock into other classes or series of shares of stock. Prior to issuance of
shares of each class or series, our board of directors is required by Maryland
law and by our charter to set, subject to our charter restrictions on transfer
of shares of stock, the terms, preferences, conversion or other rights, voting
powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends or other distributions,
qualifications and terms or conditions of redemption for each class or series.
Therefore, our board of directors could authorize the issuance of shares of common or
preferred stock with terms and conditions that could have the effect of
delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control or other transaction that
might involve a premium price for our shares of common stock or otherwise be in
the best interest of our stockholders. No shares of preferred stock are
presently outstanding, and we have no present plans to issue any shares of
preferred stock.
Power to Increase
or Decrease Authorized Shares of Common Stock and Issue Additional Shares of
Common and Preferred Stock
We believe that the power of our board
of directors to amend our charter to increase or decrease the number of
authorized shares of stock, to issue additional authorized but unissued shares
of common or preferred stock and to classify or reclassify unissued shares of
common or preferred stock and thereafter to issue such classified or
reclassified shares of stock will provide us with increased flexibility in
structuring possible future financings and acquisitions and in meeting other
needs that might arise. The additional classes or series, as well as the shares
of common stock, will be available for issuance without further action by our
stockholders, unless such action is required by applicable law or the rules of
any stock exchange or automated quotation system on which our securities may be
listed or traded. Although our board of directors does not intend to do so, it
could authorize us to issue a class or series that could, depending upon the
terms of the particular class or series, delay, defer or prevent a change in
control or other transaction that might involve a premium price for our shares
of common stock or otherwise be in the best interest of our stockholders.
Restrictions on
Ownership and Transfer
In order for us to qualify as a REIT
under the Internal Revenue Code, our shares of stock must be owned by 100 or
more persons during at least 335 days of a taxable year of 12 months
(other than the first year for which an election to be a REIT has been made) or
during a proportionate part of a shorter taxable year. Also, not more than 50%
of the value of the outstanding shares of stock may be owned, directly or
indirectly, by five or fewer individuals (as defined in the Internal Revenue
Code to include certain entities) during the last half of a taxable year (other
than the first year for which an election to be a REIT has been made).
Our charter contains restrictions on
the ownership and transfer of our shares of common stock and other outstanding
shares of stock. The relevant sections of our charter provide that, subject to
the exceptions described below, no person or entity may own, or be deemed to
own, by virtue of the applicable constructive ownership provisions of the
Internal Revenue Code, more than 9.8% by value or number of shares, whichever is
more restrictive, of our outstanding shares of common stock (the common share
ownership limit), or 9.8% by value or number of shares, whichever is more
restrictive, of our outstanding capital stock (the aggregate share ownership
limit). We refer to the common share ownership limit and the aggregate share
ownership limit collectively as the ownership limits. In addition, different
ownership limits will apply to Invesco. These ownership limits, which our board of directors has
determined will not jeopardize our REIT qualification, will allow Invesco
to hold up to 25% (by value or by number of shares,
whichever is more restrictive) of our common stock or up to 25% (by value or
by number of shares, whichever is more restrictive) of our outstanding capital
stock. A person or entity that becomes subject to the ownership limits by virtue
of a violative transfer that results in a transfer to a trust, as set forth
below, is referred to as a purported beneficial transferee if, had the
violative transfer been effective, the person or entity would have been a record
owner and beneficial owner or solely a beneficial owner of our shares of stock,
or is referred to as a purported record transferee if, had the violative
transfer been effective, the person or entity would have been solely a record
owner of our shares of stock.
The constructive ownership rules under
the Internal Revenue Code are complex and may cause shares of stock owned
actually or constructively by a group of related individuals and/or entities to
be owned constructively by one individual or entity. As a result, the
acquisition of less than 9.8% by value or number of shares, whichever is more
restrictive, of our outstanding shares of common stock, or 9.8% by value or
number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of our outstanding capital
stock (or the acquisition of an interest in an entity that owns, actually or
constructively, our shares of stock by an individual or entity), could,
nevertheless, cause that individual or entity, or
- 93 -
another individual or
entity, to own constructively in excess of 9.8% by value or number of shares,
whichever is more restrictive, of our outstanding shares of common stock, or
9.8% by value or number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of our
outstanding capital stock and thereby subject the shares of common stock or
total shares of stock to the applicable ownership limits.
Our board of directors may, in its sole
discretion, exempt a person from the above-referenced ownership limits. However,
the board of directors may not exempt any person whose ownership of our
outstanding stock would result in our being closely held within the meaning of
Section 856(h) of the Internal Revenue Code or otherwise would result in our failing to qualify
as a REIT. In order to be considered by the board of directors for exemption, a
person also must not own, directly or indirectly, an interest in one of our
tenants (or a tenant of any entity which we own or control) that would cause us
to own, directly or indirectly, more than a 9.9% interest in the tenant. The
person seeking an exemption must represent to the satisfaction of our board of
directors that it will not violate these two restrictions. The person also must
agree that any violation or attempted violation of these restrictions will
result in the automatic transfer to a trust of the shares of stock causing the
violation. As a condition of its waiver, our board of directors may require an
opinion of counsel or IRS ruling satisfactory to our board of directors with
respect to our qualification as a REIT.
In connection with the waiver of the
ownership limits or at any other time, our board of directors may from time to
time increase or decrease the ownership limits for all other persons and
entities; provided, however, that any decrease may be made only prospectively as
to existing holders (other than a decrease as a result of a retroactive change
in existing law, in which case the decrease will be effective immediately); and
provided further that the ownership limits may not be increased if, after giving
effect to such increase, five or fewer individuals could own or constructively
own in the aggregate, more than 49.9% in value of the shares then outstanding.
Prior to the modification of the ownership limits, our board of directors may
require such opinions of counsel, affidavits, undertakings or agreements as it
may deem necessary or advisable in order to determine or ensure our
qualification as a REIT. Reduced ownership limits will not apply to any person
or entity whose percentage ownership in our shares of common stock or total
shares of stock, as applicable, is in excess of such decreased ownership limits
until such time as such persons or entitys percentage of our shares of common
stock or total shares of stock, as applicable, equals or falls below the
decreased ownership limits, but any further acquisition of our shares of common
stock or total shares of stock, as applicable, in excess of such percentage
ownership of our shares of common stock or total shares of stock will be in
violation of the ownership limits.
Our charter provisions further
prohibit:
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any person from beneficially or constructively owning, applying
certain attribution rules of the Internal Revenue Code, our shares of
stock that would result in our being closely held under Section 856(h)
of the Internal Revenue Code or otherwise cause us to fail to qualify as a
REIT; and |
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any person from transferring our shares of stock if such transfer
would result in our shares of stock being owned by fewer than 100 persons
(determined without reference to any rules of
attribution). |
Any person who acquires or attempts or
intends to acquire beneficial or constructive ownership of our shares of stock
that will or may violate any of the foregoing restrictions on transferability
and ownership will be required to give at least 15 days prior written
notice to us and provide us with such other information as we may request in
order to determine the effect of such transfer on our qualification as a REIT.
The foregoing provisions on transferability and ownership will not apply if our
board of directors determines that it is no longer in our best interests to
attempt to qualify, or to continue to qualify, as a REIT.
Pursuant to our charter, if any
transfer of our shares of stock would result in our shares of stock being owned
by fewer than 100 persons, such transfer will be null and void and the intended
transferee will acquire no rights in such shares. In addition, if any purported
transfer of our shares of stock or any other event would otherwise result in any
person violating the ownership limits or such other limit established by our
board of directors or in our being closely held under Section 856(h) of the
Internal Revenue Code or otherwise failing to qualify as a REIT, then that
number of shares (rounded up to the nearest whole share) that would cause us to
violate such restrictions
- 94 -
will be automatically
transferred to, and held by, a trust for the exclusive benefit of one or more
charitable organizations selected by us and the intended transferee will acquire
no rights in such shares. The automatic transfer will be effective as of the
close of business on the business day prior to the date of the violative
transfer or other event that results in a transfer to the trust. Any dividend or
other distribution paid to the purported record transferee, prior to our
discovery that the shares had been automatically transferred to a trust as
described above, must be repaid to the trustee upon demand for distribution to
the beneficiary by the trust. If the transfer to the trust as described above is
not automatically effective, for any reason, to prevent violation of the
applicable ownership limits or our being closely held under Section 856(h) of
the Internal Revenue Code or otherwise failing to qualify as a REIT, then our
charter provides that the transfer of the shares will be void.
Shares of stock transferred to the
trustee are deemed offered for sale to us, or our designee, at a price per share
equal to the lesser of (1) the price paid by the purported record
transferee for the shares (or, if the event that resulted in the transfer to the
trust did not involve a purchase of such shares of stock at market price, the
last reported sales price reported on the NYSE (or other applicable exchange) on
the day of the event which resulted in the transfer of such shares of stock to
the trust) and (2) the market price on the date we, or our designee,
accepts such offer. We have the right to accept such offer until the trustee has
sold the shares of stock held in the trust pursuant to the clauses discussed
below. Upon a sale to us, the interest of the charitable beneficiary in the
shares sold terminates, the trustee must distribute the net proceeds of the sale
to the purported record transferee and any dividends or other distributions held
by the trustee with respect to such shares of stock will be paid to the
charitable beneficiary.
If we do not buy the shares, the
trustee must, within 20 days of receiving notice from us of the transfer of
shares to the trust, sell the shares to a person or entity designated by the
trustee who could own the shares without violating the ownership limits or such
other limit as established by our board of directors. After that, the trustee
must distribute to the purported record transferee an amount equal to the lesser
of (1) the price paid by the purported record transferee for the shares
(or, if the event which resulted in the transfer to the trust did not involve a
purchase of such shares at market price, the last reported sales price reported
on the NYSE (or other applicable exchange) on the day of the event which
resulted in the transfer of such shares of stock to the trust) and (2) the
sales proceeds (net of commissions and other expenses of sale) received by the
trust for the shares. Any net sales proceeds in excess of the amount payable to
the purported record transferee will be immediately paid to the beneficiary,
together with any dividends or other distributions thereon. In addition, if
prior to discovery by us that shares of stock have been transferred to a trust,
such shares of stock are sold by a purported record transferee, then such shares
will be deemed to have been sold on behalf of the trust and to the extent that
the purported record transferee received an amount for or in respect of such
shares that exceeds the amount that such purported record transferee was
entitled to receive, such excess amount will be paid to the trustee upon demand.
The purported beneficial transferee or purported record transferee has no rights
in the shares held by the trustee.
The trustee will be designated by us
and will be unaffiliated with us and with any purported record transferee or
purported beneficial transferee. Prior to the sale of any shares by the trust,
the trustee will receive, in trust for the beneficiary, all dividends and other
distributions paid by us with respect to the shares held in trust and may also
exercise all voting rights with respect to the shares held in trust. These
rights will be exercised for the exclusive benefit of the charitable
beneficiary. Any dividend or other distribution paid prior to our discovery that
shares of stock have been transferred to the trust will be paid by the recipient
to the trustee upon demand. Any dividend or other distribution authorized but
unpaid will be paid when due to the trustee.
Subject to Maryland law, effective as
of the date that the shares have been transferred to the trust, the trustee will
have the authority, at the trustees sole discretion:
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to rescind as void any vote cast by a purported record transferee
prior to our discovery that the shares have been transferred to the trust;
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to recast the vote in accordance with the desires of the trustee
acting for the benefit of the beneficiary of the
trust. |
However, if we have already taken
irreversible action, then the trustee may not rescind and recast the vote.
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In addition, if our board of directors
or other permitted designees determine in good faith that a proposed transfer
would violate the restrictions on ownership and transfer of our shares of stock
set forth in our charter, our board of directors or other permitted designees
will take such action as it deems or they deem advisable to refuse to give
effect to or to prevent such transfer, including, but not limited to, causing us
to redeem the shares of stock, refusing to give effect to the transfer on our
books or instituting proceedings to enjoin the transfer.
Every owner of more than 5% (or such
lower percentage as required by the Internal Revenue Code or the regulations promulgated
thereunder) of our stock, within 30 days after the end of each taxable
year, is required to give us written notice, stating his name and address, the
number of shares of each class and series of our stock which he beneficially
owns and a description of the manner in which the shares are held. Each such
owner shall provide us with such additional information as we may request in
order to determine the effect, if any, of his beneficial ownership on our status
as a REIT and to ensure compliance with the ownership limits. In addition, each
stockholder shall upon demand be required to provide us with such information as
we may request in good faith in order to determine our status as a REIT and to
comply with the requirements of any taxing authority or governmental authority
or to determine such compliance.
These ownership limits could delay,
defer or prevent a transaction or a change in control that might involve a
premium price for the common stock or otherwise be in the best interest of the
stockholders.
Transfer Agent and
Registrar
We expect the transfer agent and
registrar for our shares of common stock to be BNY Mellon Shareowner Services.
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SHARES ELIGIBLE
FOR FUTURE SALE
After giving effect to this offering
and the other transactions described in this prospectus, we will
have shares
of common stock outstanding on a fully diluted basis. Our shares of common stock
are newly-issued securities for which there is no established trading market. No
assurance can be given as to (1) the likelihood that an active market for
our shares of common stock will develop, (2) the liquidity of any such
market, (3) the ability of the stockholders to sell the shares or
(4) the prices that stockholders may obtain for any of the shares. No
prediction can be made as to the effect, if any, that future sales of shares or
the availability of shares for future sale will have on the market price
prevailing from time to time. Sales of substantial amounts of shares of common
stock, or the perception that such sales could occur, may affect adversely
prevailing market prices of the shares of common stock. See Risk Factors
Risks Related to Our Common Stock.
For a description of certain
restrictions on transfers of our shares of common stock held by certain of our
stockholders, see Description of Capital Stock Restrictions on Ownership and
Transfer.
Securities
Convertible into Shares of Common Stock
Upon completion of this offering, we
will have (1) OP units outstanding (excluding
OP units that we own in the operating partnership) exchangeable, on a
one-for-one basis, by Invesco Investments (Bermuda) Ltd. for cash equal to the market value of an
equivalent number of shares of our common stock or, at our option, shares of our
common stock and (2) reserved for issuance up to an aggregate
of 6% of the issued and outstanding shares of our common stock (on a fully diluted basis) at the time of the award, subject to a
ceiling of 40 million shares of our common stock.
Rule 144
of
our shares of common stock that will be outstanding after giving effect to this
offering and the transactions described in this prospectus on a fully-diluted
basis will be restricted securities under the meaning of Rule 144 under
the Securities Act, and may not be sold in the absence of registration under the
Securities Act unless an exemption from registration is available, including the
exemption provided by Rule 144.
In general, under Rule 144 under
the Securities Act, a person (or persons whose shares are aggregated) who is not
deemed to have been an affiliate of ours at any time during the three months
preceding a sale, and who has beneficially owned restricted securities within
the meaning of Rule 144 for at least six months (including any period of
consecutive ownership of preceding non-affiliated holders) would be entitled to
sell those shares, subject only to the availability of current public
information about us. A non-affiliated person who has beneficially owned
restricted securities within the meaning of Rule 144 for at least one year
would be entitled to sell those shares without regard to the provisions of
Rule 144.
A person (or persons whose shares are
aggregated) who is deemed to be an affiliate of ours and who has beneficially
owned restricted securities within the meaning of Rule 144 for at least six
months would be entitled to sell within any three-month period a number of
shares that does not exceed the greater of 1% of the then outstanding
shares of our common stock or the average weekly trading volume of our common
stock during the four calendar weeks preceding such sale. Such sales are also
subject to certain manner of sale provisions, notice requirements and the
availability of current public information about us (which requires that we are
current in our periodic reports under the Exchange Act).
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Lock-Up
Agreements
We, each of our directors and
executive officers, our Manager and each executive officer of our Manager and
the Invesco Investments (Bermuda) Ltd. have agreed not to offer, sell, contract to sell or
otherwise dispose of or hedge, or enter into any transaction that is designed
to, or could be expected to, result in the disposition of any shares of our
common stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable
for shares of our common stock or derivatives of our common stock owned by us or
any of these persons prior to this offering or common stock issuable upon
exercise of options or warrants held by these persons for a period of
180 days after the date of this prospectus without the prior written
consent of Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC and Morgan Stanley & Co.
Incorporated. However, each of our directors and executive officers and each
officer of our Manager may transfer or dispose of our shares during this 180-day
lock-up period in the case of gifts or for estate planning purposes where the
donee agrees to a similar lock-up agreement for the remainder of the this
180-day lock-up period.
Each of our Manager and Invesco Investments (Bermuda) Ltd. has agreed that,
for a period of one year after the date of this prospectus, without the consent
of Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC and Morgan Stanley & Co.
Incorporated, it will not dispose of or hedge any of the shares of our common
stock or OP units, respectively, that it purchases in the private placement concurrently with
the closing of this offering. Additionally, each of our Manager and Invesco Investments (Bermuda) Ltd. has agreed with us to a further lock-up
period that will expire at the earlier of (1) the date which is one year following the date of this
prospectus or (2) the termination of the management agreement.
In the event that either
(1) during the last 17 days of the 180-day or one-year lock-up
period described in the two preceding paragraphs, we release earnings results or
material news or a material event relating to us occurs, or (2) prior to
the expiration of the 180-day or one-year lock-up period, we announce that we
will release earnings results during the 16-day period beginning on the last day
of the 180-day or one-year lock-up period, as applicable, then, in either
case, the expiration of the 180-day or one-year lock-up period, as applicable,
will be extended to the expiration of the 18-day period beginning on the date of
the release of the earnings results or the occurrence of the material news or
event, as applicable, unless Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC and Morgan
Stanley & Co. Incorporated waive, in writing, such an extension.
There are no agreements between Credit
Suisse Securities (USA) LLC or Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated and
any of our stockholders or affiliates releasing them from these lock-up
agreements prior to the expiration of the 180-day or one-year lock-up
period, as applicable.
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CERTAIN
PROVISIONS OF THE MARYLAND GENERAL
CORPORATION LAW AND OUR CHARTER AND
BYLAWS
The following description of the
terms of our stock and of certain provisions of Maryland law is only a summary.
For a complete description, we refer you to the MGCL, our charter and our
Bylaws, copies of which will be available before the closing of this offering
from us upon request.
Our Board of
Directors
Our Bylaws and charter provide that the
number of directors we have may be established by our board of directors but may
not be more than 15. Our charter and Bylaws currently provide that except as may be provided by the board of directors in setting the terms of any class or series of
preferred stock, any vacancy
may be filled only by a majority of the remaining directors, even if the
remaining directors do not constitute a quorum. Any individual elected to fill
such vacancy will serve for the remainder of the full term of the directorship
in which the vacancy occurred and until a successor is duly elected and
qualifies.
Pursuant to our charter, each of our
directors is elected by our common stockholders to serve until the next annual
meeting and until his or her successor is duly elected and qualifies. Holders of
shares of common stock will have no right to cumulative voting in the election
of directors. Consequently, at each annual meeting of stockholders, the holders
of a majority of the shares of common stock entitled to vote will be able to
elect all of our directors.
Removal of
Directors
Our charter provides that subject to the rights of holders of one or more classes or series of preferred stock to elect or
remove one or more directors, a director
may be removed with cause and only by the affirmative vote of at least
two-thirds of the votes of common stockholders entitled to be cast generally in
the election of directors. Cause means, with respect to any
particular director, a conviction of a felony or a final judgment
of a court of competent jurisdiction holding that such director caused demonstrable, material harm
to us through bad faith or active and deliberate dishonesty. This provision, when coupled with the exclusive power
of our board of directors to fill vacancies on our board of directors, precludes
stockholders from (1) removing incumbent directors except upon a
substantial affirmative vote and with cause and (2) filling the vacancies created by such
removal with their own nominees.
Business
Combinations
Under the MGCL, certain business
combinations (including a merger, consolidation, share exchange or, in certain
circumstances, an asset transfer or issuance or reclassification of equity
securities) between a Maryland corporation and an interested stockholder
(defined generally as any person who beneficially owns, directly or indirectly,
10% or more of the voting power of the corporations shares or an affiliate or
associate of the corporation who, at any time within the two-year period prior
to the date in question, was the beneficial owner of 10% or more of the voting
power of the then outstanding voting shares of stock of the corporation) or an
affiliate of such an interested stockholder are prohibited for five years after
the most recent date on which the interested stockholder becomes an interested
stockholder. Thereafter, any such business combination must be recommended by
the board of directors of such corporation and approved by the affirmative vote
of at least (1) 80% of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of
outstanding voting shares of stock of the corporation and (2) two-thirds of
the votes entitled to be cast by holders of voting shares of stock of the
corporation other than shares held by the interested stockholder with whom (or
with whose affiliate) the business combination is to be effected or held by an
affiliate or associate of the interested stockholder, unless, among other
conditions, the corporations common stockholders receive a minimum price (as
defined in the MGCL) for their shares and the consideration is received in cash
or in the same form as previously paid by the interested stockholder for its
shares. A person is not an interested stockholder under the statute if the board
of directors approved in advance the transaction by which the person otherwise
would have become an interested stockholder. Our board of directors may provide
that its approval is subject to compliance with any terms and conditions
determined by it.
These provisions of the MGCL do not
apply, however, to business combinations that are approved or exempted by a
board of directors prior to the time that the interested stockholder becomes an
interested stockholder. Pursuant to the statute, our board of directors has by
resolution exempted business combinations between us and any person, provided
that such business combination is first approved by our board of directors
(including a majority of our directors who are not affiliates or associates of
such person). Consequently, the five-year prohibition and the
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supermajority vote
requirements will not apply to business combinations between us and any person
described above. As a result, any person described above may be able to enter
into business combinations with us that may not be in the best interest of our
stockholders without compliance by our company with the supermajority vote
requirements and other provisions of the statute.
Should our board of directors opt back
into the statute or otherwise fail to approve a business combination, the
business combination statute may discourage others from trying to acquire
control of us and increase the difficulty of consummating any offer.
Control Share
Acquisitions
The MGCL provides that control shares
of a Maryland corporation acquired in a control share acquisition have no
voting rights except to the extent approved at a special meeting of stockholders
by the affirmative vote of two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast on the
matter, excluding shares of stock in a corporation in respect of which any of
the following persons is entitled to exercise or direct the exercise of the
voting power of such shares in the election of directors: (1) a person who
makes or proposes to make a control share acquisition, (2) an officer of
the corporation or (3) an employee of the corporation who is also a
director of the corporation. Control shares are voting shares of stock which,
if aggregated with all other such shares of stock previously acquired by the
acquirer, or in respect of which the acquirer is able to exercise or direct the
exercise of voting power (except solely by virtue of a revocable proxy), would
entitle the acquirer to exercise voting power in electing directors within one
of the following ranges of voting power: (A) one-tenth or more but less
than one-third; (B) one-third or more but less than a majority; or
(C) a majority or more of all voting power. Control shares do not include
shares that the acquiring person is then entitled to vote as a result of having
previously obtained stockholder approval. A control share acquisition means
the acquisition of control shares, subject to certain exceptions.
A person who has made or proposes to
make a control share acquisition, upon satisfaction of certain conditions
(including an undertaking to pay expenses and making an acquiring person
statement as described in the MGCL), may compel our board of directors to call
a special meeting of stockholders to be held within 50 days of demand to
consider the voting rights of the shares. If no request for a meeting is made,
the corporation may itself present the question at any stockholders meeting.
If voting rights are not approved at
the meeting or if the acquiring person does not deliver an acquiring person
statement as required by the statute, then, subject to certain conditions and
limitations, the corporation may redeem any or all of the control shares (except
those for which voting rights have previously been approved) for fair value
determined, without regard to the absence of voting rights for the control
shares, as of the date of the last control share acquisition by the acquirer or
of any meeting of stockholders at which the voting rights of such shares are
considered and not approved. If voting rights for control shares are approved at
a stockholders meeting and the acquirer becomes entitled to vote a majority of
the shares entitled to vote, all other stockholders may exercise appraisal
rights. The fair value of the shares as determined for purposes of such
appraisal rights may not be less than the highest price per share paid by the
acquirer in the control share acquisition.
The control share acquisition statute
does not apply to (1) shares acquired in a merger, consolidation or share
exchange if the corporation is a party to the transaction or (2) acquisitions
approved or exempted by the charter or Bylaws of the corporation.
Our Bylaws contain a provision
exempting from the control share acquisition statute any and all acquisitions by
any person of our shares of stock. There is no assurance that such provision
will not be amended or eliminated at any time in the future.
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Subtitle 8
Subtitle 8 of Title 3 of the MGCL
permits a Maryland corporation with a class of equity securities registered
under the Exchange Act and at least three independent directors to elect to be
subject, by provision in its charter or Bylaws or a resolution of its board of
directors and notwithstanding any contrary provision in the charter or Bylaws,
to any or all of five provisions:
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a classified board; |
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a two-thirds vote requirement for removing a director; |
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a requirement that the number of directors be fixed only by vote of
the directors; |
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a requirement that a vacancy on the board be filled only by the
remaining directors in office and for the remainder of the full term of
the class of directors in which the vacancy occurred; and |
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a majority requirement for the calling of a special meeting of
stockholders. |
Through provisions in our charter and
Bylaws unrelated to Subtitle 8, we already (1) require the affirmative vote
of the holders of not less than two-thirds of all of the votes entitled to be
cast on the matter for the removal of any director from the board, which removal
will be allowed only for cause, (2) vest in the board the exclusive power
to fix the number of directorships and (3) require, unless called by our
chairman of the board, Chief Executive Officer or president or the board of
directors, the written request of stockholders of not less than a majority of
all votes entitled to be cast at such a meeting to call a special meeting.
Meetings of
Stockholders
Pursuant to our Bylaws, a meeting of
our stockholders for the election of directors and the transaction of any
business will be held annually on a date and at the time set by our board of
directors beginning with 2010. In addition, the chairman of our board of
directors, Chief Executive Officer, president or board of directors may call a
special meeting of our stockholders. Subject to the provisions of our Bylaws, a
special meeting of our stockholders will also be called by our Secretary upon
the written request of the stockholders entitled to cast not less than a
majority of all the votes entitled to be cast at the meeting.
Amendment to Our
Charter and Bylaws
Except for amendments related to
removal of directors and the restrictions on ownership and transfer of our
shares of stock (each of which must be declared advisable by our board of
directors and approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of not less than
two-thirds of all the votes entitled to be cast on the matter), our charter may
be amended only if the amendment is declared advisable by our board of directors
and approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of not less than a majority
of all of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter.
Our board of directors has the
exclusive power to adopt, alter or repeal any provision of our Bylaws and to
make new Bylaws.
Dissolution of Our
Company
The dissolution of our company must be
declared advisable by a majority of our entire board of directors and approved
by the affirmative vote of the holders of not less than a majority of all of the
votes entitled to be cast on the matter.
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Advance Notice of
Director Nominations and New Business
Our Bylaws provide that, with respect
to an annual meeting of stockholders, nominations of individuals for election to
our board of directors and the proposal of business to be considered by
stockholders may be made only (1) pursuant to our notice of the meeting,
(2) by or at the direction of our board of directors or (3) by a
stockholder who is entitled to vote at the meeting and has complied with the
advance notice provisions set forth in our Bylaws.
With respect to special meetings of
stockholders, only the business specified in our notice of meeting may be
brought before the meeting. Nominations of individuals for election to our board
of directors may be made only (1) pursuant to our notice of the meeting,
(2) by or at the direction of our board of directors or (3) provided
that our board of directors has determined that directors will be elected at
such meeting, by a stockholder who is entitled to vote at the meeting and has
complied with the advance notice provisions set forth in our Bylaws.
Anti-takeover
Effect of Certain Provisions of Maryland Law and of Our Charter and Bylaws
Our charter and Bylaws and Maryland law
contain provisions that may delay, defer or prevent a change in control or other
transaction that might involve a premium price for our shares of common stock or
otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders, including business
combination provisions, restrictions on transfer and ownership of our stock and
advance notice requirements for director nominations and stockholder proposals.
Likewise, if the provision in the Bylaws opting out of the control share
acquisition provisions of the MGCL were rescinded or if we were to opt in to the
classified board or other provisions of Subtitle 8, these provisions of the MGCL
could have similar anti-takeover effects.
Indemnification and
Limitation of Directors and Officers Liability
Maryland law permits a Maryland
corporation to include in its charter a provision limiting the liability of its
directors and officers to the corporation and its stockholders for money damages
except for liability resulting from actual receipt of an improper benefit or
profit in money, property or services or active and deliberate dishonesty
established by a final judgment as being material to the cause of action. Our
charter contains such a provision that eliminates such liability to the maximum
extent permitted by Maryland law.
The MGCL requires us (unless our
charter provides otherwise, which our charter does not) to indemnify a director
or officer who has been successful, on the merits or otherwise, in the defense
of any proceeding to which he is made or threatened to be made a party by reason
of his service in that capacity. The MGCL permits a corporation to indemnify its
present and former directors and officers, among others, against judgments,
penalties, fines, settlements and reasonable expenses actually incurred by them
in connection with any proceeding to which they may be made or threatened to be
made a party by reason of their service in those or other capacities unless it
is established that:
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the act or omission of the director or officer was material to the
matter giving rise to the proceeding and (1) was committed in bad
faith or (2) was the result of active and deliberate
dishonesty; |
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the director or officer actually received an improper personal benefit
in money, property or services; or |
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in the case of any criminal proceeding, the director or officer had
reasonable cause to believe that the act or omission was
unlawful. |
However, under the MGCL, a Maryland
corporation may not indemnify a director or officer in a suit by or in the right
of the corporation in which the director or officer was adjudged liable on the
basis that personal benefit was improperly received. A court may order
indemnification if it determines that the director or officer is fairly and
reasonably entitled to indemnification, even though the director or officer did
not meet the prescribed standard of conduct or was adjudged liable on the basis
that personal benefit was improperly received. However,
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indemnification for an
adverse judgment in a suit by us or in our right, or for a judgment of liability
on the basis that personal benefit was improperly received, is limited to
expenses.
In addition, the MGCL permits a
corporation to advance reasonable expenses to a director or officer upon the
corporations receipt of:
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a written affirmation by the director or officer of his or her good
faith belief that he or she has met the standard of conduct necessary for
indemnification by the corporation; and |
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a written undertaking by the director or officer or on the directors
or officers behalf to repay the amount paid or reimbursed by the
corporation if it is ultimately determined that the director or officer
did not meet the standard of conduct. |
Our charter authorizes us to obligate
ourselves and our Bylaws obligate us, to the fullest extent permitted by
Maryland law in effect from time to time, to indemnify and, without requiring a
preliminary determination of the ultimate entitlement to indemnification, pay or
reimburse reasonable expenses in advance of final disposition of a proceeding
to:
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any present or former director or officer who is made or threatened to
be made a party to the proceeding by reason of his or her service in that
capacity; or |
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any individual who, while a director or officer of our company and at
our request, serves or has served another corporation, REIT, partnership,
joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or any other enterprise as a
director, officer, partner or trustee of such corporation, REIT,
partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other
enterprise and who is made or threatened to be made a party to the
proceeding by reason of his or her service in that
capacity. |
Our charter and Bylaws also permit us
to indemnify and advance expenses to any person who served a predecessor of ours
in any of the capacities described above and to any personnel or agent of our
company or a predecessor of our company.
Following completion of this
offering, we may enter into indemnification
agreements with each of our directors and executive officers that
would provide for
indemnification to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law. In addition,
the operating partnerships partnership agreement provides that we, as general
partner through our wholly owned subsidiary, and our officers and directors are
indemnified to the maximum extent permitted by law.
Insofar as the foregoing provisions
permit indemnification of directors, officers or persons controlling us for
liability arising under the Securities Act, we have been informed that, in the
opinion of the SEC, this indemnification is against public policy as expressed
in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.
REIT
Qualification
Our charter provides that our board of
directors may revoke or otherwise terminate our REIT election, without approval
of our stockholders, if it determines that it is no longer in our best interests
to continue to qualify as a REIT.
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THE OPERATING
PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT
The following is a summary of material
provisions in the partnership agreement of our operating partnership. For more
detail, you should refer to the partnership agreement itself, a copy of which is
filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a
part.
General
IAS Operating Partnership LP, our
operating partnership, was formed on September 8, 2008 to acquire and own our
assets. We are considered to be an umbrella partnership real estate investment
trust, or an UPREIT, in which all of our assets are owned in a limited
partnership, the operating partnership, of which we are the sole general
partner. For purposes of satisfying the asset and income tests for qualification
as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, our proportionate share of the
assets and income of our operating partnership will be deemed to be our assets
and income.
Our operating partnership will be
structured to make distributions with respect to OP units that will be
equivalent to the distributions made to our common stockholders. Finally, the
operating partnership will be structured to permit limited partners in the
operating partnership to redeem their OP units for cash or, at our election,
shares of our common stock on a one-for-one basis (in a taxable transaction)
and, if our shares are then listed, achieve liquidity for their investment.
We are the sole general partner of the
operating partnership and are liable for its obligations. As the sole general
partner of the operating partnership, we have the exclusive power to manage and
conduct the business of the operating partnership.
Although initially all of our assets
will be held through the UPREIT structure, we may in the future elect for
various reasons to hold certain of our assets directly rather than through the
operating partnership. In the event we elect to hold assets directly, the income
of the operating partnership will be allocated as between us and limited
partners so as to take into account the performance of such assets.
Capital
Contributions
We will transfer substantially all of
the net proceeds of this offering to the operating partnership as a capital
contribution in the amount of the gross offering proceeds received from
investors and receive a number of OP units equal to the number of shares of
common stock issued to investors. The operating partnership will be deemed to
have simultaneously paid the selling commissions and other costs associated with
the offering. If the operating partnership requires additional funds at any time
in excess of capital contributions made by us or from borrowing, we may borrow
funds from a financial institution or other lender and lend such funds to the
operating partnership on the same terms and conditions as are applicable to our
borrowing of such funds. In addition, we are authorized to cause the operating
partnership to issue partner interests for less than fair market value if we
conclude in good faith that such issuance is in the best interest of the
operating partnership and our stockholders.
Operations
The partnership agreement of the
operating partnership will provide that the operating partnership is to be
operated in a manner that will (1) enable us to satisfy the requirements
for classification as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes,
(2) avoid any federal income or excise tax liability and (3) ensure
that the operating partnership will not be classified as a publicly traded
partnership for purposes of Section 7704 of the Internal Revenue Code,
which classification could result in the operating partnership being taxed as a
corporation, rather than as a disregarded entity or a partnership.
The partnership agreement will provide
that the operating partnership will distribute cash flow from operations to the
partners of the operating partnership in accordance with its relative percentage
interests on at least a quarterly basis in amounts determined by us as the
general partner such that a holder of one OP unit will receive
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the same amount of
annual cash flow distributions from the operating partnership as the amount of
annual distributions paid to the holder of one share of our common stock.
Similarly, the partnership agreement of
the operating partnership will provide that taxable income is allocated to the
partners of the operating partnership in accordance with their relative
percentage interests such that a holder of one OP unit will be allocated taxable
income for each taxable year in an amount equal to the amount of taxable income
to be recognized by a holder of one of our shares of common stock, subject to
compliance with the provisions of Sections 704(b) and 704(c) of the Internal
Revenue Code and corresponding Treasury Regulations. Losses, if any, will
generally be allocated among the partners in accordance with their respective
percentage interests in the operating partnership.
Upon the liquidation of the operating
partnership, after payment of debts and obligations, any remaining assets of the
operating partnership will be distributed to partners with positive capital
accounts in accordance with their respective positive capital account balances.
In addition to the administrative and
operating costs and expenses incurred by the operating partnership in acquiring
and holding our assets, the operating partnership will pay all of our
administrative costs and expenses and such expenses will be treated as expenses
of the operating partnership. Such expenses will include:
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all expenses relating to our formation and continuity of
existence; |
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all expenses relating to any offerings and registrations of
securities; |
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all expenses associated with our preparation and filing of any
periodic reports under federal, state or local laws or regulations; |
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all expenses associated with our compliance with applicable laws,
rules and regulations; and |
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all other operating or administrative costs of ours incurred in the
ordinary course of its business. |
Redemption
Rights
Subject to certain limitations and
exceptions, the limited partners of the operating partnership, other than us or
our subsidiaries, will have the right to cause the operating partnership to
redeem their OP units for cash equal to the market value of an equivalent number
of our shares of common stock, or, at our option, we may purchase their OP units
by issuing one share of common stock for each OP unit redeemed. The market value
of the OP units for this purpose will be equal to the average of the closing
trading price of a share of our common stock on the NYSE for the ten trading
days before the day on which the redemption notice was given to the operating
partnership of exercise of the redemption rights. These redemption rights may
not be exercised, however, if and to the extent that the delivery of shares upon
such exercise would (1) result in any person owning shares in excess of our
ownership limits, (2) result in shares being owned by fewer than 100
persons or (3) result in us being closely held within the meaning of
Section 856(h) of the Internal Revenue Code.
Transferability of
Interests
We will not be able to
(1) voluntarily withdraw as the general partner of the operating
partnership, or (2) transfer our general partner interest in the operating
partnership (except to a wholly owned subsidiary), unless the transaction in
which such withdrawal or transfer occurs results in the limited partners
receiving or having the right to receive an amount of cash, securities or other
property equal in value to the amount they would have received if they had
exercised their redemption rights immediately prior to such transaction. The
limited partners will not be able to transfer their OP units, in whole or in
part, without our written consent as the general partner of the partnership
except where the limited partner becomes incapacitated.
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U.S. FEDERAL
INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS
The following is a summary of the
material U.S. federal income tax considerations relating to our qualification
and taxation as a REIT and the acquisition, holding, and disposition of our
common stock. For purposes of this section, references to we, our, us or
our company mean only IAS and not our subsidiaries or other lower-tier
entities, except as otherwise indicated. This summary is based upon the Internal
Revenue Code, the regulations promulgated by the U.S. Treasury Department (or
the Treasury regulations), current administrative interpretations and practices
of the IRS (including administrative interpretations and practices expressed in
private letter rulings which are binding on the IRS only with respect to the
particular taxpayers who requested and received those rulings) and judicial
decisions, all as currently in effect and all of which are subject to differing
interpretations or to change, possibly with retroactive effect. No assurance can
be given that the IRS would not assert, or that a court would not sustain, a
position contrary to any of the tax consequences described below. No advance
ruling has been or will be sought from the IRS regarding any matter discussed in
this summary. The summary is also based upon the assumption that the operation
of our company, and of its subsidiaries and other lower-tier and affiliated
entities, including the operating partnership, will, in each case, be in
accordance with its applicable organizational documents. This summary is for
general information only, and does not purport to discuss all aspects of U.S.
federal income taxation that may be important to a particular stockholder in
light of its investment or tax circumstances or to stockholders subject to
special tax rules, such as:
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U.S. expatriates; |
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persons who mark-to-market our common stock; |
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subchapter S corporations; |
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U.S. stockholders (as defined below) whose functional currency is not
the U.S. dollar; |
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financial institutions; |
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insurance companies; |
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broker-dealers; |
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regulated investment companies (or RICs); |
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trusts and estates; |
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holders who receive our common stock through the exercise of employee
stock options or otherwise as compensation; |
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persons holding our common stock as part of a straddle, hedge,
conversion transaction, synthetic security or other integrated
investment; |
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persons subject to the alternative minimum tax provisions of the
Internal Revenue Code; |
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persons holding their interest through a partnership or similar
pass-through entity; |
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persons holding a 10% or more (by vote or value) beneficial interest
in us; and, except to the extent discussed below; |
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tax-exempt organizations; and |
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non-U.S. stockholders (as defined below). |
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This summary assumes that stockholders
will hold our common stock as capital assets, which generally means as property
held for investment.
THE U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX TREATMENT
OF HOLDERS OF OUR COMMON STOCK DEPENDS IN SOME INSTANCES ON DETERMINATIONS OF
FACT AND INTERPRETATIONS OF COMPLEX PROVISIONS OF U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX LAW
FOR WHICH NO CLEAR PRECEDENT OR AUTHORITY MAY BE AVAILABLE. IN ADDITION, THE TAX
CONSEQUENCES OF HOLDING OUR COMMON STOCK TO ANY PARTICULAR STOCKHOLDER WILL
DEPEND ON THE STOCKHOLDERS PARTICULAR TAX CIRCUMSTANCES. YOU ARE URGED TO
CONSULT YOUR TAX ADVISOR REGARDING THE U.S. FEDERAL, STATE, LOCAL, AND FOREIGN
INCOME AND OTHER TAX CONSEQUENCES TO YOU, IN LIGHT OF YOUR PARTICULAR INVESTMENT
OR TAX CIRCUMSTANCES, OF ACQUIRING, HOLDING, AND DISPOSING OF OUR COMMON STOCK.
Taxation of Our
Company in General
We intend to elect to be taxed as a
REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code,
commencing with our taxable year ending December 31, 2009. We believe that
we have been organized and we intend to operate in a manner that allows us to
qualify for taxation as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code.
The law firm of Clifford Chance US LLP
has acted as our counsel in connection with this offering. We have received an
opinion of Clifford Chance US LLP to the effect that, commencing with our
taxable year ending December 31, 2009, we have been organized in conformity
with the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the
Internal Revenue Code, and our proposed method of operation will enable us to
meet the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the
Internal Revenue Code. It must be emphasized that the opinion of Clifford Chance
US LLP is based on various assumptions relating to our organization and
operation, including that all factual representations and statements set forth
in all relevant documents, records and instruments are true and correct, all
actions described in this prospectus are completed in a timely fashion and that
we will at all times operate in accordance with the method of operation
described in our organizational documents and this prospectus. Additionally, the
opinion of Clifford Chance US LLP is conditioned upon factual representations
and covenants made by our management and affiliated entities, regarding our
organization, assets, present and future conduct of our business operations and
other items regarding our ability to meet the various requirements for
qualification as a REIT, and assumes that such representations and covenants are
accurate and complete and that we will take no action inconsistent with our
qualification as a REIT. While we believe that we are organized and intend to
operate so that we will qualify as a REIT, given the highly complex nature of
the rules governing REITs, the ongoing importance of factual determinations and
the possibility of future changes in our circumstances or applicable law, no
assurance can be given by Clifford Chance US LLP or us that we will so qualify
for any particular year. Clifford Chance US LLP will have no obligation to
advise us or the holders of our shares of common stock of any subsequent change
in the matters stated, represented or assumed or of any subsequent change in the
applicable law. You should be aware that opinions of counsel are not binding on
the IRS, and no assurance can be given that the IRS will not challenge the
conclusions set forth in such opinions.
Qualification and taxation as a REIT
depends on our ability to meet, on a continuing basis, through actual results of
operations, distribution levels, diversity of share ownership and various
qualification requirements imposed upon REITs by the Internal Revenue Code, the
compliance with which will not be reviewed by Clifford Chance US LLP. Our
ability to qualify as a REIT also requires that we satisfy certain asset and
income tests, some of which depend upon the fair market values of assets
directly or indirectly owned by us or which serve as security for loans made by
us. Such values may not be susceptible to a precise determination. Accordingly,
no assurance can be given that the actual results of our operations for any
taxable year will satisfy the requirements for qualification and taxation as a
REIT.
Taxation of REITs
in General
As indicated above, qualification and
taxation as a REIT depends upon our ability to meet, on a continuing basis,
various qualification requirements imposed upon REITs by the Internal Revenue
Code. The material qualification requirements are summarized below, under
Requirements for Qualification as a REIT. While we believe that we will operate
so that we qualify as a REIT, no assurance can be given that the IRS will not
challenge
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our qualification as a
REIT or that we will be able to operate in accordance with the REIT requirements
in the future. See Failure to Qualify.
Provided that we qualify as a REIT, we
will generally be entitled to a deduction for dividends that we pay and,
therefore, will not be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on our net
taxable income that is currently distributed to our stockholders. This treatment
substantially eliminates the double taxation at the corporate and stockholder
levels that results generally from investment in a corporation. Rather, income
generated by a REIT generally is taxed only at the stockholder level, upon a
distribution of dividends by the REIT.
For tax years through 2010,
stockholders who are individual U.S. stockholders (as defined below) are
generally taxed on corporate dividends at a maximum rate of 15% (the same as
long-term capital gains), thereby substantially reducing, though not completely
eliminating, the double taxation that has historically applied to corporate
dividends.
With limited exceptions, however,
dividends received by individual U.S. stockholders from us or from other
entities that are taxed as REITs will continue to be taxed at rates applicable
to ordinary income, which will be as high as 35% through 2010. Net operating
losses, foreign tax credits and other tax attributes of a REIT generally do not
pass through to the stockholders of the REIT, subject to special rules for
certain items, such as capital gains, recognized by REITs. See Taxation of
Taxable U.S. Stockholders.
Even if we qualify for taxation as a
REIT, however, we will be subject to U.S. federal income taxation as follows:
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We will be taxed at regular corporate rates on any undistributed
income, including undistributed net capital gains. |
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We may be subject to the alternative minimum tax on our items of tax
preference, if any. |
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If we have net income from prohibited transactions, which are, in
general, sales or other dispositions of property held primarily for sale
to customers in the ordinary course of business, other than foreclosure
property, such income will be subject to a 100% tax. See Prohibited
Transactions and Foreclosure Property below. |
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If we elect to treat property that we acquire in connection with a
foreclosure of a mortgage loan or from certain leasehold terminations as
foreclosure property, we may thereby avoid (1) the 100% tax on gain
from a resale of that property (if the sale would otherwise constitute a
prohibited transaction) and (2) the inclusion of any income from such
property not qualifying for purposes of the REIT gross income tests
discussed below, but the income from the sale or operation of the property
may be subject to corporate income tax at the highest applicable rate
(currently 35%). |
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If we fail to satisfy the 75% gross income test or the 95% gross
income test, as discussed below, but nonetheless maintain our
qualification as a REIT because other requirements are met, we will be
subject to a 100% tax on an amount equal to (1) the greater of
(A) the amount by which we fail the 75% gross income test or
(B) the amount by which we fail the 95% gross income test, as the
case may be, multiplied by (2) a fraction intended to reflect our
profitability. |
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If we fail to satisfy any of the REIT asset tests, as described below,
other than a failure of the 5% or 10% REIT asset tests that do not exceed
a statutory de minimis amount as described more fully below, but our
failure is due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect and we
nonetheless maintain our REIT qualification because of specified cure
provisions, we will be required to pay a tax equal to the greater of
$50,000 or the highest corporate tax rate (currently 35%) of the net
income generated by the nonqualifying assets during the period in which we
failed to satisfy the asset tests. |
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If we fail to satisfy any provision of the Internal Revenue Code that
would result in our failure to qualify as a REIT (other than a gross
income or asset test requirement) and the violation is due to reasonable
cause, we may retain our REIT qualification but we will be required to pay
a penalty of $50,000 for each such failure. |
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If we fail to distribute during each calendar year at least the sum of
(1) 85% of our REIT ordinary income for such year, (2) 95% of
our REIT capital gain net income for such year and (3) any
undistributed taxable income from prior periods (or the required
distribution), we will be subject to a 4% excise tax on the excess of the
required distribution over the sum of (A) the amounts actually
distributed (taking into account excess distributions from prior years),
plus (B) retained amounts on which income tax is paid at the
corporate level. |
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We may be required to pay monetary penalties to the IRS in certain
circumstances, including if we fail to meet record-keeping requirements
intended to monitor our compliance with rules relating to the composition
of our stockholders, as described below in Requirements for
Qualification as a REIT. |
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A 100% excise tax may be imposed on some items of income and expense
that are directly or constructively paid between us and any TRSs we may
own if and to the extent that the IRS successfully adjusts the reported
amounts of these items. |
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If we acquire appreciated assets from a corporation that is not a REIT
in a transaction in which the adjusted tax basis of the assets in our
hands is determined by reference to the adjusted tax basis of the assets
in the hands of the non-REIT corporation, we will be subject to tax on
such appreciation at the highest corporate income tax rate then applicable
if we subsequently recognize gain on a disposition of any such assets
during the 10-year period following their acquisition from the non-REIT
corporation. The results described in this paragraph assume that the
non-REIT corporation will not elect, in lieu of this treatment, to be
subject to an immediate tax when the asset is acquired by us. |
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We will generally be subject to tax on the portion of any excess
inclusion income derived from an investment in residual interests in real
estate mortgage investment conduits or REMICs to the extent our stock is
held by specified tax-exempt organizations not subject to tax on unrelated
business taxable income. Similar rules will apply if we own an equity
interest in a taxable mortgage pool through a subsidiary REIT of our
operating partnership. To the extent that we own a REMIC residual interest
or a taxable mortgage pool through a TRS, we will not be subject to this
tax. |
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We may elect to retain and pay income tax on our net long-term capital
gain. In that case, a stockholder would include its proportionate share of
our undistributed long-term capital gain (to the extent we make a timely
designation of such gain to the stockholder) in its income, would be
deemed to have paid the tax that we paid on such gain, and would be
allowed a credit for its proportionate share of the tax deemed to have
been paid, and an adjustment would be made to increase the stockholders
basis in our common stock. |
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We may have subsidiaries or own interests in other lower-tier entities
that are subchapter C corporations, the earnings of which could be subject
to U.S. federal corporate income tax. |
In addition, we may be subject to a
variety of taxes other than U.S. federal income tax, including payroll taxes and
state, local, and foreign income, franchise property and other taxes. We could
also be subject to tax in situations and on transactions not presently
contemplated.
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Requirements for
Qualification as a REIT
The Internal Revenue Code defines a
REIT as a corporation, trust or association:
(1) that is managed by one or more
trustees or directors;
(2) the beneficial ownership of which
is evidenced by transferable shares or by transferable certificates of
beneficial interest;
(3) that would be taxable as a domestic
corporation but for the special Internal Revenue Code provisions applicable to
REITs;
(4) that is neither a financial
institution nor an insurance company subject to specific provisions of the
Internal Revenue Code;
(5) the beneficial ownership of which
is held by 100 or more persons during at least 335 days of a taxable year
of 12 months, or during a proportionate part of a taxable year of less than
12 months;
(6) in which, during the last half of
each taxable year, not more than 50% in value of the outstanding stock is owned,
directly or indirectly, by five or fewer individuals (as defined in the
Internal Revenue Code to include specified entities);
(7) which meets other tests described
below, including with respect to the nature of its income and assets and the
amount of its distributions; and
(8) that makes an election to be a REIT
for the current taxable year or has made such an election for a previous taxable
year that has not been terminated or revoked.
The Internal Revenue Code provides that
conditions (1) through (4) must be met during the entire taxable year,
and that condition (5) must be met during at least 335 days of a
taxable year of 12 months, or during a proportionate part of a shorter
taxable year. Conditions (5) and (6) do not need to be satisfied for
the first taxable year for which an election to become a REIT has been made. Our
charter provides restrictions regarding the ownership and transfer of its
shares, which are intended to assist in satisfying the share ownership
requirements described in conditions (5) and (6) above. For purposes
of condition (6), an individual generally includes a supplemental unemployment
compensation benefit plan, a private foundation or a portion of a trust
permanently set aside or used exclusively for charitable purposes, but does not
include a qualified pension plan or profit sharing trust.
To monitor compliance with the share
ownership requirements, we are generally required to maintain records regarding
the actual ownership of our shares. To do so, we must demand written statements
each year from the record holders of significant percentages of our shares of
stock, in which the record holders are to disclose the actual owners of the
shares (i.e., the persons required to include in gross income the dividends paid
by us). A list of those persons failing or refusing to comply with this demand
must be maintained as part of our records. Failure by us to comply with these
record-keeping requirements could subject us to monetary penalties. If we
satisfy these requirements and after exercising reasonable diligence would not
have known that condition (6) is not satisfied, we will be deemed to have
satisfied such condition. A stockholder that fails or refuses to comply with the
demand is required by Treasury Regulations to submit a statement with its tax
return disclosing the actual ownership of the shares and other information.
In addition, a corporation generally
may not elect to become a REIT unless its taxable year is the calendar year. We
satisfy this requirement.
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Effect of
Subsidiary Entities
Ownership of
Partner Interests
In the case of a REIT that is a partner
in an entity that is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax
purposes, Treasury regulations provide that the REIT is deemed to own its
proportionate share of the partnerships assets and to earn its proportionate
share of the partnerships gross income based on its pro rata share of
capital interests in the partnership for purposes of the asset and gross income
tests applicable to REITs, as described below. However, solely for purposes of
the 10% value test, described below, the determination of a REITs interest in
partnership assets will be based on the REITs proportionate interest in any
securities issued by the partnership, excluding for these purposes, certain
securities as described in the Internal Revenue Code. In addition, the assets
and gross income of the partnership generally are deemed to retain the same
character in the hands of the REIT. Thus, our proportionate share of the assets
and items of income of partnerships in which we own an equity interest
(including our interest in our operating partnership and its equity interests in
lower-tier partnerships) is treated as assets and items of income of our company
for purposes of applying the REIT requirements described below. Consequently, to
the extent that we directly or indirectly hold a preferred or other equity
interest in a partnership, the partnerships assets and operations may affect
our ability to qualify as a REIT, even though we may have no control or only
limited influence over the partnership. A summary of certain rules governing the
U.S. federal income taxation of partnerships and their partners is provided
below in Tax Aspects of Ownership of Equity Interests in Partnerships.
Disregarded
Subsidiaries
If a REIT owns a corporate subsidiary
that is a qualified REIT subsidiary, that subsidiary is disregarded for U.S.
federal income tax purposes, and all assets, liabilities and items of income,
deduction and credit of the subsidiary are treated as assets, liabilities and
items of income, deduction and credit of the REIT itself, including for purposes
of the gross income and asset tests applicable to REITs, as summarized below. A
qualified REIT subsidiary is any corporation, other than a TRS, that is wholly
owned by a REIT, by other disregarded subsidiaries or by a combination of the
two. Single member limited liability companies that are wholly owned by a REIT
are also generally disregarded as separate entities for U.S. federal income tax
purposes, including for purposes of the REIT gross income and asset tests.
Disregarded subsidiaries, along with partnerships in which we hold an equity
interest, are sometimes referred to herein as pass-through subsidiaries.
In the event that a disregarded
subsidiary ceases to be wholly owned by us (for example, if any equity interest
in the subsidiary is acquired by a person other than us or another disregarded
subsidiary of us), the subsidiarys separate existence would no longer be
disregarded for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Instead, it would have
multiple owners and would be treated as either a partnership or a taxable
corporation. Such an event could, depending on the circumstances, adversely
affect our ability to satisfy the various asset and gross income tests
applicable to REITs, including the requirement that REITs generally may not own,
directly or indirectly, more than 10% of the value or voting power of the
outstanding securities of another corporation. See " Asset Tests and Gross
Income Tests.
Taxable REIT
Subsidiaries
A REIT, in general, may jointly elect
with a subsidiary corporation, whether or not wholly owned, to treat the
subsidiary corporation as a TRS. We generally may not own more than 10% of the
securities of a taxable corporation, as measured by voting power or value,
unless we and such corporation elect to treat such corporation as a TRS. The
separate existence of a TRS or other taxable corporation, unlike a disregarded
subsidiary as discussed above, is not ignored for U.S. federal income tax
purposes. Accordingly, such an entity would generally be subject to corporate
income tax on its earnings, which may reduce the cash flow generated by us and
our subsidiaries in the aggregate and our ability to make distributions to our
stockholders.
A REIT is not treated
as holding the assets of a TRS or other taxable subsidiary corporation or as
receiving any income that the subsidiary earns. Rather, the stock issued by the
subsidiary is an asset in the hands of the REIT, and the REIT generally
recognizes as income the dividends, if any, that it receives from the
subsidiary. This treatment can affect the gross income and asset test
calculations that apply to the REIT, as described below.
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Because a parent REIT
does not include the assets and income of such subsidiary corporations in
determining the parents compliance with the REIT requirements, such entities
may be used by the parent REIT to undertake indirectly activities that the REIT
rules might otherwise preclude it from doing directly or through pass-through
subsidiaries or render commercially unfeasible (for example, activities that
give rise to certain categories of income such as non-qualifying hedging income
or inventory sales). If dividends are paid to us by one or more TRSs we may own,
then a portion of the dividends that we distribute to stockholders who are taxed
at individual rates generally will be eligible for taxation at preferential
qualified dividend income tax rates rather than at ordinary income rates. See
Taxation of Taxable U.S. Stockholders and Annual Distribution Requirements.
Certain restrictions imposed on TRSs
are intended to ensure that such entities will be subject to appropriate levels
of U.S. federal income taxation. First, a TRS may not deduct interest payments
made in any year to an affiliated REIT to the extent that such payments exceed,
generally, 50% of the TRSs adjusted taxable income for that year (although the
TRS may carry forward to, and deduct in, a succeeding year the disallowed
interest amount if the 50% test is satisfied in that year). In addition, if
amounts are paid to a REIT or deducted by a TRS due to transactions between a
REIT, its tenants and/or the TRS, that exceed the amount that would be paid to
or deducted by a party in an arms-length transaction, the REIT generally will
be subject to an excise tax equal to 100% of such excess. Rents we receive that
include amounts for services furnished by one of our TRSs to any of our tenants
will not be subject to the excise tax if such amounts qualify for the safe
harbor provisions contained in the Internal Revenue Code. Safe harbor provisions
are provided where: (1) amounts are excluded from the definition of
impermissible tenant service income as a result of satisfying the 1% de minimis
exception; (2) a TRS renders a significant amount of similar services to
unrelated parties and the charges for such services are substantially
comparable; (3) rents paid to us by tenants that are not receiving services from
the TRS are substantially comparable to the rents paid by our tenants leasing
comparable space that are receiving such services from the TRS and the charge
for the services is separately stated; or (4) the TRSs gross income from
the service is not less than 150% of the TRSs direct cost of furnishing the
service.
Gross Income
Tests
In order to maintain our qualification
as a REIT, we annually must satisfy two gross income tests. First, at least 75%
of our gross income for each taxable year, excluding gross income from sales of
inventory or dealer property in prohibited transactions and certain hedging
transactions, must be derived from investments relating to real property or
mortgages on real property, including rents from real property, dividends
received from and gains from the disposition of other shares of REITs, interest
income derived from mortgage loans secured by real property (including certain
types of MBS), and gains from the sale of real estate assets, as well as income
from certain kinds of temporary investments. Second, at least 95% of our gross
income in each taxable year, excluding gross income from prohibited transactions
and certain hedging transactions, must be derived from some combination of
income that qualifies under the 75% income test described above, as well as
other dividends, interest, and gain from the sale or disposition of stock or
securities, which need not have any relation to real property.
For purposes of the 75% and 95% gross
income tests, a REIT is deemed to have earned a proportionate share of the
income earned by any partnership, or any limited liability company treated as a
partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, in which it owns an interest,
which share is determined by reference to its capital interest in such entity,
and is deemed to have earned the income earned by any qualified REIT subsidiary.
Interest
Income
Interest income constitutes qualifying
mortgage interest for purposes of the 75% gross income test to the extent that
the obligation upon which such interest is paid is secured by a mortgage on real
property. If we receive interest income with respect to a mortgage loan that is
secured by both real property and other property and the highest principal
amount of the loan outstanding during a taxable year exceeds the fair market
value of the real property on the date that we acquired the mortgage loan, the
interest income will be apportioned between the real property and the other
property, and our income from the arrangement will qualify for purposes of the
75% gross income test only to the extent that the interest is allocable to the
real property. Even if a loan is not secured by real property or is
undersecured, the income that it generates may nonetheless qualify for purposes
of the 95% gross income test.
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We intend to invest in Agency
MBS that are either pass-through certificates or CMOs. We expect that the
Agency MBS will be treated either as interests in a grantor trust or as
interests in a REMIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes and that all interest
income from our Agency MBS will be qualifying income for the 95% gross
income test. In the case of Agency MBS treated as interests in grantor
trusts, we would be treated as owning an undivided beneficial ownership interest
in the mortgage loans held by the grantor trust. The interest on such mortgage
loans would be qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test to
the extent that the obligation is secured by real property, as discussed above.
In the case of Agency MBS treated as interests in a REMIC, income derived
from REMIC interests will generally be treated as qualifying income for purposes
of the 75% and 95% gross income tests. If less than 95% of the assets of the
REMIC are real estate assets, however, then only a proportionate part of our
interest in the REMIC and income derived from the interest will qualify for
purposes of the 75% gross income test. In addition, some REMIC securitizations
include imbedded interest swap or cap contracts or other derivative instruments
that potentially could produce non-qualifying income for the holder of the
related REMIC securities. We expect that substantially all of our income from
Agency MBS will be qualifying income for purposes of the REIT gross
income tests.
As described in BusinessInvestment
Methods, we may purchase Agency MBS through TBAs and may recognize
income or gains from the disposition of those TBAs through dollar roll
transactions. See BusinessOur Financing Strategy. There is no direct
authority with respect to the qualifications of income or gains from
dispositions of TBAs as gains from the sale of real property (including
interests in real property and interests in mortgages on real property) or other
qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test. We will not treat
these items as qualifying for purposes of the 75% gross income test unless we
receive advice of our counsel that such income and gains should be treated as
qualifying for purposes of the 75% gross income test. As a result, our ability
to enter into TBAs could be limited. Moreover, even if we were to receive advice
of counsel as described in the preceding sentence, it is possible that the IRS
could assert that such income is not qualifying income. In the event that such
income were determined not to be qualifying for the 75% gross income test, we
could be subject to a penalty tax or we could fail to qualify as a REIT if such
income when added to any other non-qualifying income exceeded 25% of our gross
income.
Dividend
Income
We may receive distributions from TRSs
or other corporations that are not REITs or qualified REIT subsidiaries. These
distributions are generally classified as dividend income to the extent of the
earnings and profits of the distributing corporation. Such distributions
generally constitute qualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income
test, but not the 75% gross income test. Any dividends received by us from a
REIT is qualifying income in our hands for purposes of both the 95% and 75%
gross income tests.
Hedging
Transactions
We may enter into hedging transactions
with respect to one or more of our assets or liabilities. Hedging transactions
could take a variety of forms, including interest rate swap agreements, interest
rate cap agreements, options, futures contracts, forward rate agreements or
similar financial instruments. Except to the extent provided by Treasury
regulations, any income from a hedging transaction we enter into (1) in the
normal course of our business primarily to manage risk of interest rate or price
changes or currency fluctuations with respect to borrowings made or to be made,
or ordinary obligations incurred or to be incurred, to acquire or carry real
estate assets, which is clearly identified as specified in Treasury regulations
before the close of the day on which it was acquired, originated, or entered
into, including gain from the sale or disposition of such a transaction, and (2)
primarily to manage risk of currency fluctuations with respect to any item of
income or gain that would be qualifying income under the 75% or 95% income tests
which is clearly identified as such before the close of the day on which it was
acquired, originated, or entered into, will not constitute gross income for
purposes of the 75% or 95% gross income test. To the extent that we enter into
other types of hedging transactions, the income from those transactions is
likely to be treated as non-qualifying income for purposes of both of the 75%
and 95% gross income tests. We intend to structure any hedging transactions in a
manner that does not jeopardize our qualification as a REIT.
Rents from Real
Property
We currently do not intend to acquire
real property with the proceeds of this offering. However, to the extent that we
own real property or interests therein, rents we receive qualify as rents from
real property in
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satisfying the gross
income tests described above, only if several conditions are met, including the
following. If rent attributable to personal property leased in connection with
real property is greater than 15% of the total rent received under any
particular lease, then all of the rent attributable to such personal property
will not qualify as rents from real property. The determination of whether an
item of personal property constitutes real or personal property under the REIT
provisions of the Internal Revenue Code is subject to both legal and factual
considerations and is therefore subject to different interpretations.
In addition, in order for rents
received by us to qualify as rents from real property, the rent must not be
based in whole or in part on the income or profits of any person. However, an
amount will not be excluded from rents from real property solely by being based
on a fixed percentage or percentages of sales or if it is based on the net
income of a tenant which derives substantially all of its income with respect to
such property from subleasing of substantially all of such property, to the
extent that the rents paid by the subtenants would qualify as rents from real
property, if earned directly by us. Moreover, for rents received to qualify as
rents from real property, we generally must not operate or manage the property
or furnish or render certain services to the tenants of such property, other
than through an independent contractor who is adequately compensated and from
which we derive no income or through a TRS. We are permitted, however, to
perform services that are usually or customarily rendered in connection with
the rental of space for occupancy only and are not otherwise considered rendered
to the occupant of the property. In addition, we may directly or indirectly
provide non-customary services to tenants of our properties without
disqualifying all of the rent from the property if the payment for such services
does not exceed 1% of the total gross income from the property. In such a case,
only the amounts for non-customary services are not treated as rents from real
property and the provision of the services does not disqualify the related rent.
Rental income will qualify as rents
from real property only to the extent that we do not directly or constructively
own, (1) in the case of any tenant which is a corporation, stock possessing
10% or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled
to vote, or 10% or more of the total value of shares of all classes of stock of
such tenant, or (2) in the case of any tenant which is not a corporation,
an interest of 10% or more in the assets or net profits of such tenant.
Failure to
Satisfy the Gross Income Tests
We intend to monitor our sources of
income, including any non-qualifying income received by us, so as to ensure our
compliance with the gross income tests. If we fail to satisfy one or both of the
75% or 95% gross income tests for any taxable year, including as a result of
income and gains from the disposition of TBAs, we may still qualify as a REIT
for the year if we are entitled to relief under applicable provisions of the
Internal Revenue Code. These relief provisions will generally be available if
the failure of our company to meet these tests was due to reasonable cause and
not due to willful neglect and, following the identification of such failure, we
set forth a description of each item of our gross income that satisfies the
gross income tests in a schedule for the taxable year filed in accordance with
the Treasury regulation. It is not possible to state whether we would be
entitled to the benefit of these relief provisions in all circumstances. If
these relief provisions are inapplicable to a particular set of circumstances
involving us, we will not qualify as a REIT. As discussed above under
Taxation of REITs in General, even where these relief provisions apply, a tax
would be imposed upon the profit attributable to the amount by which we fail to
satisfy the particular gross income test.
Asset Tests
We, at the close of each calendar
quarter, must also satisfy four tests relating to the nature of our assets.
First, at least 75% of the value of our total assets must be represented by some
combination of real estate assets, cash, cash items, U.S. Government
securities and, under some circumstances, stock or debt instruments purchased
with new capital. For this purpose, real estate assets include interests in real
property, such as land, buildings, leasehold interests in real property, stock
of other corporations that qualify as REITs and certain kinds of MBS and
mortgage loans. Regular or residual interest in REMICs are generally treated as
a real estate asset. If, however, less than 95% of the assets of a REMIC
consists of real estate assets (determined as if we held such assets), we will
be treated as owning our proportionate share of the assets of the REMIC. In the
case of interests in grant or trusts, we will be treated as owning an undivided
beneficial interest in the mortgage loans held by the grantor trust. Assets that
do not qualify for purposes of the 75% test are subject to the additional asset
tests described below. Second, the value of any one issuers securities owned by
us may not exceed 5% of the value of our gross assets. Third, we may
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not own more than 10%
of any one issuers outstanding securities, as measured by either voting power
or value. Fourth, the aggregate value of all securities of TRSs held by us may
not exceed 25% of the value of our gross assets.
The 5% and 10% asset tests do not apply
to securities of TRSs and qualified REIT subsidiaries. The 10% value test does
not apply to certain straight debt and other excluded securities, as described
in the Internal Revenue Code, including but not limited to any loan to an
individual or an estate, any obligation to pay rents from real property and any
security issued by a REIT. In addition, (1) a REITs interest as a partner
in a partnership is not considered a security for purposes of applying the 10%
value test; (2) any debt instrument issued by a partnership (other than
straight debt or other excluded security) will not be considered a security
issued by the partnership if at least 75% of the partnerships gross income is
derived from sources that would qualify for the 75% REIT gross income test; and
(3) any debt instrument issued by a partnership (other than straight debt
or other excluded security) will not be considered a security issued by the
partnership to the extent of the REITs interest as a partner in the
partnership.
For purposes of the 10% value test,
straight debt means a written unconditional promise to pay on demand on a
specified date a sum certain in money if (1) the debt is not convertible,
directly or indirectly, into stock, (2) the interest rate and interest
payment dates are not contingent on profits, the borrowers discretion, or
similar factors other than certain contingencies relating to the timing and
amount of principal and interest payments, as described in the Internal Revenue
Code and (3) in the case of an issuer which is a corporation or a
partnership, securities that otherwise would be considered straight debt will
not be so considered if we, and any of our controlled taxable REIT
subsidiaries as defined in the Internal Revenue Code, hold any securities of
the corporate or partnership issuer which (A) are not straight debt or
other excluded securities (prior to the application of this rule), and
(B) have an aggregate value greater than 1% of the issuers outstanding
securities (including, for the purposes of a partnership issuer, our interest as
a partner in the partnership).
After initially meeting the asset tests
at the close of any quarter, we will not lose our qualification as a REIT for
failure to satisfy the asset tests at the end of a later quarter solely by
reason of changes in asset values. If we fail to satisfy the asset tests because
we acquire securities during a quarter, we can cure this failure by disposing of
sufficient non-qualifying assets within 30 days after the close of that
quarter. If we fail the 5% asset test, or the 10% vote or value asset tests at
the end of any quarter and such failure is not cured within 30 days
thereafter, we may dispose of sufficient assets (generally within six months
after the last day of the quarter in which our identification of the failure to
satisfy these asset tests occurred) to cure such a violation that does not
exceed the lesser of 1% of our assets at the end of the relevant quarter or
$10,000,000. If we fail any of the other asset tests or our failure of the 5%
and 10% asset tests is in excess of the de minimis amount described above, as
long as such failure was due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect, we are
permitted to avoid disqualification as a REIT, after the 30 day cure
period, by taking steps including the disposition of sufficient assets to meet
the asset test (generally within six months after the last day of the quarter in
which our identification of the failure to satisfy the REIT asset test occurred)
and paying a tax equal to the greater of $50,000 or the highest corporate income
tax rate (currently 35%) of the net income generated by the non-qualifying
assets during the period in which we failed to satisfy the asset test.
We expect that the assets and
mortgage-related securities that we own generally will be qualifying assets for
purposes of the 75% asset test. However, to the extent that we own non-REMIC
CMOs or other debt instruments secured by mortgage loans (rather than by real
property) or secured by non-real estate assets, or debt securities issued by C
corporations that are not secured by mortgages on real property, those
securities may not be qualifying assets for purposes of the 75% asset test. In
addition, as described in BusinessOur Financing Strategy, we may purchase
Agency MBS through TBAs. There is no direct authority with respect to the
qualification of TBAs as real estate assets or Government securities for
purposes of the 75% asset test and we will not treat TBAs as such unless we
receive advice of our counsel that TBAs should be treated as qualifying assets
for purposes of the 75% asset test. As a result, our ability to purchase TBAs
could be limited. Moreover, even if we were to receive advice of counsel as
described in the preceding sentence, it is possible that the IRS could assert
that TBAs are not qualifying assets in which case we could be subject to a
penalty tax or fail to qualify as a REIT if such assets, when combined with
other non-real estate assets exceeds 25% of our gross assets.
We believe that our holdings of
securities and other assets will be structured in a manner that will comply with
the foregoing REIT asset requirements and intend to monitor compliance on an
ongoing basis. Moreover,
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values of some assets
may not be susceptible to a precise determination and are subject to change in
the future. Furthermore, the proper classification of an instrument as debt or
equity for U.S. federal income tax purposes may be uncertain in some
circumstances, which could affect the application of the REIT asset tests. As an
example, if we were to acquire equity securities of a REIT issuer that were
determined by the IRS to represent debt securities of such issuer, such
securities would also not qualify as real estate assets. Accordingly, there can
be no assurance that the IRS will not contend that our interests in subsidiaries
or in the securities of other issuers (including REIT issuers) cause a violation
of the REIT asset tests.
In addition, we intend to enter into
repurchase agreements under which we will nominally sell certain of our assets
to a counterparty and simultaneously enter into an agreement to repurchase the
sold assets. We believe that we will be treated for U.S. federal income tax
purposes as the owner of the assets that are the subject of any such agreement
notwithstanding that we may transfer record ownership of the assets to the
counterparty during the term of the agreement. It is possible, however, that the
IRS could assert that we did not own the assets during the term of the
repurchase agreement, in which case we could fail to qualify as a REIT.
Annual Distribution
Requirements
In order to qualify as a REIT, we are
required to distribute dividends, other than capital gain dividends, to our
stockholders in an amount at least equal to:
|
|
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90% of our REIT taxable income (computed without regard to our
deduction for dividends paid and our net capital gains);
and |
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90% of the net income (after tax), if any, from foreclosure property
(as described below); minus |
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(b) |
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the sum of specified items of non-cash income that exceeds a
percentage of our income. |
These distributions must be paid in the
taxable year to which they relate or in the following taxable year if such
distributions are declared in October, November or December of the taxable year,
are payable to stockholders of record on a specified date in any such month and
are actually paid before the end of January of the following year. Such
distributions are treated as both paid by us and received by each stockholder on
December 31 of the year in which they are declared. In addition, at our
election, a distribution for a taxable year may be declared before we timely
file our tax return for the year and be paid with or before the first regular
dividend payment after such declaration, provided that such payment is made
during the 12-month period following the close of such taxable year. These
distributions are taxable to our stockholders in the year in which paid, even
though the distributions relate to our prior taxable year for purposes of the
90% distribution requirement.
In order for distributions to be
counted towards our distribution requirement and to give rise to a tax deduction
by us, they must not be preferential dividends. A dividend is not a
preferential dividend if it is pro rata among all outstanding shares of
stock within a particular class and is in accordance with the preferences among
different classes of stock as set forth in the organizational documents.
To the extent that we distribute at
least 90%, but less than 100%, of our REIT taxable income, as adjusted, we
will be subject to tax at ordinary corporate tax rates on the retained portion.
In addition, we may elect to retain, rather than distribute, our net long-term
capital gains and pay tax on such gains. In this case, we could elect to have
our stockholders include their proportionate share of such undistributed
long-term capital gains in income and receive a corresponding credit for their
proportionate share of the tax paid by us. Our stockholders would then increase
the adjusted basis of their stock in us by the difference between the designated
amounts included in their long-term capital gains and the tax deemed paid with
respect to their proportionate shares.
If we fail to distribute during each
calendar year at least the sum of (1) 85% of our REIT ordinary income for
such year, (2) 95% of our REIT capital gain net income for such year and
(3) any undistributed taxable income
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from prior periods, we
will be subject to a 4% excise tax on the excess of such required distribution
over the sum of (x) the amounts actually distributed (taking into account
excess distributions from prior periods) and (y) the amounts of income
retained on which we have paid corporate income tax. We intend to make timely
distributions so that we are not subject to the 4% excise tax.
It is possible that we, from time to
time, may not have sufficient cash to meet the distribution requirements due to
timing differences between (1) the actual receipt of cash, including
receipt of distributions from our subsidiaries and (2) the inclusion of
items in income by us for U.S. federal income tax purposes. For example, we may
acquire debt instruments or notes whose face value may exceed its issue price as
determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes (such excess, original issue
discount, or OID), such that we will be required to include in our income a
portion of the OID each year that the instrument is held before we receive any
corresponding cash. In the event that such timing differences occur, in order to
meet the distribution requirements, it might be necessary to arrange for
short-term, or possibly long-term, borrowings or to pay dividends in the form of
taxable in-kind distributions of property. We may be able to rectify a failure
to meet the distribution requirements for a year by paying deficiency
dividends to stockholders in a later year, which may be included in our
deduction for dividends paid for the earlier year. In this case, we may be able
to avoid losing our qualification as a REIT or being taxed on amounts
distributed as deficiency dividends. However, we will be required to pay
interest and a penalty based on the amount of any deduction taken for deficiency
dividends.
Recordkeeping
Requirements
We are required to maintain records and
request on an annual basis information from specified stockholders. These
requirements are designed to assist us in determining the actual ownership of
our outstanding stock and maintaining our qualifications as a REIT.
Prohibited
Transactions
Net income we derive from a prohibited
transaction (including any foreign currency gain, as defined in Section
988(b)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code, minus any foreign currency loss, as defined in Section
988(b)(2) of the Internal Revenue Code) is subject to a 100% tax. The term prohibited
transaction generally includes a sale or other disposition of property (other
than foreclosure property) that is held as inventory or primarily for sale to
customers, in the ordinary course of a trade or business by a REIT, by a
lower-tier partnership in which the REIT holds an equity interest or by a
borrower that has issued a shared appreciation mortgage or similar debt
instrument to the REIT. We intend to conduct our operations so that no asset
owned by us or our pass-through subsidiaries will be held as inventory or
primarily for sale to customers, and that a sale of any assets owned by us
directly or through a pass-through subsidiary will not be in the ordinary course
of business. However, whether property is held as inventory or primarily for
sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business depends on the
particular facts and circumstances. No assurance can be given that any
particular asset in which we hold a direct or indirect interest will not be
treated as property held as inventory or primarily for sale to customers or that
certain safe harbor provisions of the Internal Revenue Code that prevent such
treatment will apply. The 100% tax will not apply to gains from the sale of
property that is held through a TRS or other taxable corporation, although such
income will be subject to tax in the hands of the corporation at regular
corporate income tax rates.
Foreclosure
Property
Foreclosure property is real property
and any personal property incident to such real property (1) that is
acquired by a REIT as a result of the REIT having bid on the property at
foreclosure or having otherwise reduced the property to ownership or possession
by agreement or process of law after there was a default (or default was
imminent) on a lease of the property or a mortgage loan held by the REIT and
secured by the property, (2) for which the related loan or lease was
acquired by the REIT at a time when default was not imminent or anticipated and
(3) for which such REIT makes a proper election to treat the property as
foreclosure property. REITs generally are subject to tax at the maximum
corporate rate (currently 35%) on any net income from foreclosure property,
including any gain from the disposition of the foreclosure property, other than
income that would otherwise be qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross
income test. Any gain from the sale of property for which a foreclosure property
election has been made will not be subject to the 100% tax on gains from
prohibited transactions described above, even if the property would otherwise
constitute inventory or dealer property in the hands of the selling REIT. We do
not anticipate that we will receive any income from foreclosure property that is
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not qualifying income
for purposes of the 75% gross income test, but, if we do receive any such
income, we intend to elect to treat the related property as foreclosure
property.
Failure to
Qualify
In the event that we violate a
provision of the Internal Revenue Code that would result in our failure to
qualify as a REIT, we may nevertheless continue to qualify as a REIT under
specified relief provisions available to us to avoid such disqualification if
(1) the violation is due to reasonable cause and not due to willful
neglect, (2) we pay a penalty of $50,000 for each failure to satisfy a
requirement for qualification as a REIT and (3) the violation does not
include a violation under the gross income or asset tests described above (for
which other specified relief provisions are available). This cure provision
reduces the instances that could lead to our disqualification as a REIT for
violations due to reasonable cause. If we fail to qualify for taxation as a REIT
in any taxable year and none of the relief provisions of the Internal Revenue
Code apply, we will be subject to tax, including any applicable alternative
minimum tax, on our taxable income at regular corporate rates. Distributions to
our stockholders in any year in which we are not a REIT will not be deductible
by us, nor will they be required to be made. In this situation, to the extent of
current and accumulated earnings and profits, and, subject to limitations of the
Internal Revenue Code, distributions to our stockholders will generally be
taxable in the case of our stockholders who are individual U.S. stockholders (as
defined below), at a maximum rate of 15%, and dividends in the hands of our corporate U.S. stockholders may be eligible for the dividends received
deduction. Unless we are entitled to relief under the specific statutory
provisions, we will also be disqualified from re-electing to be taxed as a REIT
for the four taxable years following a year during which qualification was lost.
It is not possible to state whether, in all circumstances, we will be entitled
to statutory relief.
Tax Aspects of
Ownership of Equity Interests in Partnerships
General
We may hold assets through entities
that are classified as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes,
including our interest in our operating partnership and any equity interests in
lower-tier partnerships. In general, partnerships are pass-through entities
that are not subject to U.S. federal income tax. Rather, partners are allocated
their proportionate shares of the items of income, gain, loss, deduction and
credit of a partnership, and are subject to tax on these items without regard to
whether the partners receive a distribution from the partnership. We will
include in our income our proportionate share of these partnership items for
purposes of the various REIT income tests, based on our capital interest in such
partnership, and in the computation of our REIT taxable income. Moreover, for
purposes of the REIT asset tests, we will include our proportionate share of
assets held by subsidiary partnerships, based on our capital interest in such
partnerships (other than for purposes of the 10% value test, for which the
determination of our interest in partnership assets will be based on our
proportionate interest in any securities issued by the partnership excluding,
for these purposes, certain excluded securities as described in the
Internal Revenue Code).
Consequently, to the extent that we hold an equity interest in a partnership,
the partnerships assets and operations may affect our ability to qualify as a
REIT, even though we may have no control, or only limited influence, over the
partnership.
Entity
Classification
The ownership by us of equity interests
in partnerships, including our operating partnership, involves special tax
considerations, including the possibility of a challenge by the IRS of the
status of any of our subsidiary partnerships as a partnership, as opposed to an
association taxable as a corporation, for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
Because it is likely that at least half of our operating partnerships
investments will be mortgage loans and the operating partnership intends to use
leverage to finance the investments, the taxable mortgage pool rules potentially
could apply to the operating partnership. However, the operating partnership
does not intend on incurring any indebtedness, the payments on which bear a
relationship to payments (including payments at maturity) received by the
operating partnership from its investments. Accordingly, the operating
partnership does not believe it will be an obligor under debt obligations with
two or more maturities, the payments on which bear a relationship to payments on
the operating partnerships debt investments, and, therefore, the operating
partnership does not believe that it will be classified as a taxable mortgage
pool. If our operating partnership or any subsidiary partnership were treated as
an association for U.S. federal income tax purposes, it would be taxable as a
corporation
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and, therefore, could
be subject to an entity-level tax on its income. In such a situation, the
character of our assets and items of our gross income would change and would
preclude us from satisfying the REIT asset tests (particularly the tests
generally preventing a REIT from owning more than 10% of the voting securities,
or more than 10% of the value of the securities, of a corporation) or the gross
income tests as discussed in Asset Tests and Gross Income Tests above,
and in turn would prevent us from qualifying as a REIT. See Failure to
Qualify, above, for a discussion of the effect of our failure to meet these
tests for a taxable year.
In addition, any change in the status
of any of our subsidiary partnerships for tax purposes might be treated as a
taxable event, in which case we could have taxable income that is subject to the
REIT distribution requirements without receiving any cash.
Tax Allocations
with Respect to Partnership Properties
The partnership agreement of our
operating partnership generally provides that items of operating income and loss
will be allocated to the holders of units in proportion to the number of units
held by each holder. If an allocation of partnership income or loss does not
comply with the requirements of Section 704(b) of the Internal Revenue Code and the Treasury
regulations thereunder, the item subject to the allocation will be reallocated
in accordance with the partners interests in the partnership. This reallocation
will be determined by taking into account all of the facts and circumstances
relating to the economic arrangement of the partners with respect to such item.
Our operating partnerships allocations of income and loss are intended to
comply with the requirements of Section 704(b) of the Internal
Revenue Code and the Treasury
regulations promulgated under this section of the Internal Revenue
Code. Under the Internal Revenue Code and the
Treasury regulations, income, gain, loss and deduction attributable to
appreciated or depreciated property that is contributed to a partnership in
exchange for an interest in the partnership must be allocated for tax purposes
in a manner such that the contributing partner is charged with, or benefits
from, the unrealized gain or unrealized loss associated with the property at the
time of the contribution. The amount of the unrealized gain or unrealized loss
is generally equal to the difference between the fair market value of the
contributed property and the adjusted tax basis of such property at the time of
the contribution (a book-tax difference). Such allocations are solely for U.S.
federal income tax purposes and do not affect partnership capital accounts or
other economic or legal arrangements among the partners. To the extent that any
of our subsidiary partnerships acquires appreciated (or depreciated) properties
by way of capital contributions from its partners, allocations would need to be
made in a manner consistent with these requirements.
Taxation of Taxable
U.S. Stockholders
This section summarizes the taxation of
U.S. stockholders that are not tax-exempt organizations. For these purposes, a
U.S. stockholder is a beneficial owner of our common stock that for U.S. federal
income tax purposes is:
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a corporation (including an entity treated as a corporation for U.S.
federal income tax purposes) created or organized in or under the laws of
the U.S. or of a political subdivision thereof (including the District of
Columbia); |
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an estate whose income is subject to U.S. federal income taxation
regardless of its source; or |
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any trust if (1) a U.S. court is able to exercise primary
supervision over the administration of such trust and one or more U.S.
persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the
trust or (2) it has a valid election in place to be treated as a U.S.
person. |
If an entity or arrangement treated as
a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds our stock, the U.S.
federal income tax treatment of a partner generally will depend upon the status
of the partner and the activities of the partnership. A partner of a partnership
holding our common stock should consult its own tax advisor regarding the U.S.
federal income tax consequences to the partner of the acquisition, ownership and
disposition of our stock by the partnership.
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Distributions
Provided that we qualify as a REIT,
distributions made to our taxable U.S. stockholders out of our current and
accumulated earnings and profits, and not designated as capital gain dividends,
will generally be taken into account by them as ordinary dividend income and
will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction for corporations. In
determining the extent to which a distribution with respect to our common stock
constitutes a dividend for U.S. federal income tax purposes, our earnings and
profits will be allocated first to distributions with respect to our preferred
stock, if any, and then to our common stock. Dividends received from REITs are
generally not eligible to be taxed at the preferential qualified dividend income
rates applicable to individual U.S. stockholders who receive dividends from
taxable subchapter C corporations.
In addition, distributions from us that
are designated as capital gain dividends will be taxed to U.S. stockholders as
long-term capital gains, to the extent that they do not exceed the actual net
capital gain of our company for the taxable year, without regard to the period
for which the U.S. stockholder has held its stock. To the extent that we elect
under the applicable provisions of the Internal Revenue Code to retain our net
capital gains, U.S. stockholders will be treated as having received, for U.S.
federal income tax purposes, our undistributed capital gains as well as a
corresponding credit for taxes paid by us on such retained capital gains. U.S.
stockholders will increase their adjusted tax basis in our common stock by the
difference between their allocable share of such retained capital gain and their
share of the tax paid by us. Corporate U.S. stockholders may be required to
treat up to 20% of some capital gain dividends as ordinary income. Long-term
capital gains are generally taxable at maximum federal rates of 15% (through
2010) in the case of U.S. stockholders who are individuals, and 35% for
corporations. Capital gains attributable to the sale of depreciable real
property held for more than 12 months are subject to a 25% maximum U.S.
federal income tax rate for individual U.S. stockholders who are individuals, to
the extent of previously claimed depreciation deductions.
Distributions in excess of our current
and accumulated earnings and profits will not be taxable to a U.S. stockholder
to the extent that they do not exceed the adjusted tax basis of the U.S.
stockholders shares in respect of which the distributions were made, but rather
will reduce the adjusted tax basis of these shares. To the extent that such
distributions exceed the adjusted tax basis of an individual U.S. stockholders
shares, they will be included in income as long-term capital gain, or short-term
capital gain if the shares have been held for one year or less. In addition, any
dividend declared by us in October, November or December of any year and payable
to a U.S. stockholder of record on a specified date in any such month will be
treated as both paid by us and received by the U.S. stockholder on
December 31 of such year, provided that the dividend is actually paid by us
before the end of January of the following calendar year.
With respect to U.S. stockholders who
are taxed at the rates applicable to individuals, we may elect to designate a
portion of our distributions paid to such U.S. stockholders as qualified
dividend income. A portion of a distribution that is properly designated as
qualified dividend income is taxable to non-corporate U.S. stockholders as
capital gain, provided that the U.S. stockholder has held the common stock with
respect to which the distribution is made for more than 60 days during the
121-day period beginning on the date that is 60 days before the date on
which such common stock became ex-dividend with respect to the relevant
distribution. The maximum amount of our distributions eligible to be designated
as qualified dividend income for a taxable year is equal to the sum of:
(a) the qualified dividend income
received by us during such taxable year from non-REIT C corporations (including
any TRS in which we may own an interest);
(b) the excess of any undistributed
REIT taxable income recognized during the immediately preceding year over the
U.S. federal income tax paid by us with respect to such undistributed REIT
taxable income; and
(c) the excess of any income recognized
during the immediately preceding year attributable to the sale of a
built-in-gain asset that was acquired in a carry-over basis transaction from a
non-REIT C corporation over the U.S. federal income tax paid by us with respect
to such built-in gain.
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Generally, dividends that we receive
will be treated as qualified dividend income for purposes of (a) above if
the dividends are received from a domestic C corporation (other than a REIT or a
RIC), any TRS we may form, or a qualifying foreign corporation and specified
holding period requirements and other requirements are met.
To the extent that we have available
net operating losses and capital losses carried forward from prior tax years,
such losses may reduce the amount of distributions that must be made in order to
comply with the REIT distribution requirements. See Taxation of Our Company
in General and " Annual Distribution Requirements. Such losses, however, are
not passed through to U.S. stockholders and do not offset income of U.S.
stockholders from other sources, nor do they affect the character of any
distributions that are actually made by us, which are generally subject to tax
in the hands of U.S. stockholders to the extent that we have current or
accumulated earnings and profits.
Dispositions of
Our Common Stock
In general, a U.S. stockholder will
realize gain or loss upon the sale, redemption or other taxable disposition of
our common stock in an amount equal to the difference between the sum of the
fair market value of any property and the amount of cash received in such
disposition and the U.S. stockholders adjusted tax basis in the common stock at
the time of the disposition. In general, a U.S. stockholders adjusted tax basis
will equal the U.S. stockholders acquisition cost, increased by the excess of
net capital gains deemed distributed to the U.S. stockholder (discussed above)
less tax deemed paid on it and reduced by returns of capital. In general,
capital gains recognized by individuals and other non-corporate U.S.
stockholders upon the sale or disposition of shares of our common stock will be
subject to a maximum U.S. federal income tax rate of 15% for taxable years
through 2010, if our common stock is held for more than 12 months, and will
be taxed at ordinary income rates (of up to 35% through 2010) if our common
stock is held for 12 months or less. Gains recognized by U.S. stockholders
that are corporations are subject to U.S. federal income tax at a maximum rate
of 35%, whether or not classified as long-term capital gains. The IRS has the
authority to prescribe, but has not yet prescribed, regulations that would apply
a capital gain tax rate of 25% (which is generally higher than the long-term
capital gain tax rates for non-corporate holders) to a portion of capital gain
realized by a non-corporate holder on the sale of REIT stock or depositary
shares that would correspond to the REITs unrecaptured Section 1250
gain.
Holders are advised to consult with
their tax advisors with respect to their capital gain tax liability. Capital
losses recognized by a U.S. stockholder upon the disposition of our common stock
held for more than one year at the time of disposition will be considered
long-term capital losses, and are generally available only to offset capital
gain income of the U.S. stockholder but not ordinary income (except in the case
of individuals, who may offset up to $3,000 of ordinary income each year). In
addition, any loss upon a sale or exchange of shares of our common stock by a
U.S. stockholder who has held the shares for six months or less, after applying
holding period rules, will be treated as a long-term capital loss to the extent
of distributions received from us that were required to be treated by the U.S.
stockholder as long-term capital gain.
Passive Activity
Losses and Investment Interest Limitations
Distributions made by us and gain
arising from the sale or exchange by a U.S. stockholder of our common stock will
not be treated as passive activity income. As a result, U.S. stockholders will
not be able to apply any passive losses against income or gain relating to our
common stock. Distributions made by us, to the extent they do not constitute a
return of capital, generally will be treated as investment income for purposes
of computing the investment interest limitation. A U.S. stockholder that elects
to treat capital gain dividends, capital gains from the disposition of stock or
qualified dividend income as investment income for purposes of the investment
interest limitation will be taxed at ordinary income rates on such amounts.
Taxation of
Tax-Exempt U.S. Stockholders
U.S. tax-exempt entities, including
qualified employee pension and profit sharing trusts and individual retirement
accounts, generally are exempt from U.S. federal income taxation. However, they
are subject to taxation on their unrelated business taxable income, which we
refer to in this prospectus as UBTI. While many investments in real estate may
generate UBTI, the IRS has ruled that dividend distributions from a REIT to a
tax-exempt entity do not constitute UBTI. Based on that ruling, and provided
that (1) a tax-exempt U.S. stockholder has not held our
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common stock as debt
financed property within the meaning of the Internal Revenue Code (i.e., where
the acquisition or holding of the property is financed through a borrowing by
the tax-exempt stockholder), (2) our common stock is not otherwise used in
an unrelated trade or business and (3) we do not hold an asset that gives
rise to excess inclusion income distributions from us and income from the sale
of our common stock generally should not give rise to UBTI to a tax-exempt U.S.
stockholder. As previously noted, we expect to engage in transactions that would
result in a portion of our dividend income being considered excess inclusion
income, and accordingly, it is likely that a portion of our dividends received
by a tax-exempt stockholder will be treated as UBTI.
Tax-exempt U.S. stockholders that are
social clubs, voluntary employee benefit associations, supplemental unemployment
benefit trusts, and qualified group legal services plans exempt from U.S.
federal income taxation under Sections 501(c)(7), (c)(9), (c)(17) and
(c)(20) of the Internal Revenue Code, respectively, are subject to different
UBTI rules, which generally will require them to characterize distributions from
us as UBTI.
In certain circumstances, a pension
trust (1) that is described in Section 401(a) of the Internal Revenue Code,
(2) is tax exempt under Section 501(a) of the Internal Revenue Code, and
(3) that owns more than 10% of our stock could be required to treat a percentage
of the dividends from us as UBTI if we are a pension-held REIT. We will not be
a pension-held REIT unless (1) either (A) one pension trust owns more
than 25% of the value of our stock, or (B) a group of pension trusts, each
individually holding more than 10% of the value of our stock, collectively owns
more than 50% of such stock; and (2) we would not have qualified as a REIT
but for the fact that Section 856(h)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code provides
that stock owned by such trusts shall be treated, for purposes of the
requirement that not more than 50% of the value of the outstanding stock of a
REIT is owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer individuals (as
defined in the Internal Revenue Code to include certain entities), as owned by
the beneficiaries of such trusts. Certain restrictions on ownership and transfer
of our stock should generally prevent a tax-exempt entity from owning more than
10% of the value of our stock, or us from becoming a pension-held REIT.
Tax-exempt U.S. stockholders are urged
to consult their tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal, state, local and
foreign tax consequences of owning our stock.
Taxation of
Non-U.S. Stockholders
The following is a summary of certain
U.S. federal income tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and
disposition of our common stock applicable to non-U.S. stockholders of our
common stock. For purposes of this summary, a non-U.S. stockholder is a
beneficial owner of our common stock that is not a U.S. stockholder or an entity
that is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The
discussion is based on current law and is for general information only. It
addresses only selective and not all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation.
Ordinary
Dividends
The portion of dividends received by
non-U.S. stockholders payable out of our earnings and profits that are not
attributable to gains from sales or exchanges of U.S. real property interests
and which are not effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business of the
non-U.S. stockholder will generally be subject to U.S. federal withholding tax
at the rate of 30%, unless reduced or eliminated by an applicable income tax
treaty. Under some treaties, however, lower rates generally applicable to
dividends do not apply to dividends from REITs. In addition, any portion of the
dividends paid to non-U.S. stockholders that are treated as excess inclusion
income will not be eligible for exemption from the 30% withholding tax or a
reduced treaty rate. As previously noted, we expect to engage in transactions
that result in a portion of our dividends being considered excess inclusion
income, and accordingly, it is likely that a portion of our dividend income will
not be eligible for exemption from the 30% withholding rate or a reduced treaty
rate.
In general, non-U.S. stockholders will
not be considered to be engaged in a U.S. trade or business solely as a result
of their ownership of our stock. In cases where the dividend income from a
non-U.S. stockholders investment in our common stock is, or is treated as,
effectively connected with the non-U.S. stockholders conduct of a U.S. trade or
business, the non-U.S. stockholder generally will be subject to U.S. federal
income tax at graduated rates, in the same manner as U.S. stockholders are taxed
with respect to such dividends, and may also be
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subject to the 30%
branch profits tax on the income after the application of the income tax in the
case of a non-U.S. stockholder that is a corporation.
Non-Dividend
Distributions
Unless (1) our common stock
constitutes a U.S. real property interest (or USRPI) or (2) either
(A) the non-U.S. stockholders investment in our common stock is
effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business conducted by such non-U.S.
stockholder (in which case the non-U.S. stockholder will be subject to the same
treatment as U.S. stockholders with respect to such gain) or (B) the
non-U.S. stockholder is a nonresident alien individual who was present in the
U.S. for 183 days or more during the taxable year and has a tax home in
the U.S. (in which case the non-U.S. stockholder will be subject to a 30% tax on
the individuals net capital gain for the year), distributions by us which are
not dividends out of our earnings and profits will not be subject to U.S.
federal income tax. If it cannot be determined at the time at which a
distribution is made whether or not the distribution will exceed current and
accumulated earnings and profits, the distribution will be subject to
withholding at the rate applicable to dividends. However, the non-U.S.
stockholder may seek a refund from the IRS of any amounts withheld if it is
subsequently determined that the distribution was, in fact, in excess of our
current and accumulated earnings and profits. If our common stock constitutes a
USRPI, as described below, distributions by us in excess of the sum of our
earnings and profits plus the non-U.S. stockholders adjusted tax basis in our
common stock will be taxed under the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act
of 1980 (or FIRPTA) at the rate of tax, including any applicable capital gains
rates, that would apply to a U.S. stockholder of the same type (e.g., an
individual or a corporation, as the case may be), and the collection of the tax
will be enforced by a refundable withholding at a rate of 10% of the amount by
which the distribution exceeds the stockholders share of our earnings and
profits.
Capital Gain
Dividends
Under FIRPTA, a distribution made by us
to a non-U.S. stockholder, to the extent attributable to gains from dispositions
of USRPIs held by us directly or through pass-through subsidiaries (or USRPI
capital gains), will be considered effectively connected with a U.S. trade or
business of the non-U.S. stockholder and will be subject to U.S. federal income
tax at the rates applicable to U.S. stockholders, without regard to whether the
distribution is designated as a capital gain dividend. In addition, we will be
required to withhold tax equal to 35% of the amount of capital gain dividends to
the extent the dividends constitute USRPI capital gains. Distributions subject
to FIRPTA may also be subject to a 30% branch profits tax in the hands of a
non-U.S. holder that is a corporation. However, the 35% withholding tax will not
apply to any capital gain dividend with respect to any class of our stock which
is regularly traded on an established securities market located in the U.S. if
the non-U.S. stockholder did not own more than 5% of such class of stock at any
time during the taxable year. Instead any capital gain dividend will be treated
as a distribution subject to the rules discussed above under Taxation of
Non-U.S. Stockholders Ordinary Dividends. Also, the branch profits tax will
not apply to such a distribution. A distribution is not a USRPI capital gain if
we held the underlying asset solely as a creditor, although the holding of a
shared appreciation mortgage loan would not be solely as a creditor. Capital
gain dividends received by a non-U.S. stockholder from a REIT that are not USRPI
capital gains are generally not subject to U.S. federal income or withholding
tax, unless either (1) the non-U.S. stockholders investment in our common
stock is effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business conducted by such
non-U.S. stockholder (in which case the non-U.S. stockholder will be subject to
the same treatment as U.S. stockholders with respect to such gain) or
(2) the non-U.S. stockholder is a nonresident alien individual who was
present in the U.S. for 183 days or more during the taxable year and has a
tax home in the U.S. (in which case the non-U.S. stockholder will be subject
to a 30% tax on the individuals net capital gain for the year).
Dispositions of
Our Common Stock
Unless our common stock constitutes a
USRPI, a sale of the stock by a non-U.S. stockholder generally will not be
subject to U.S. federal income taxation under FIRPTA. The stock will not be
treated as a USRPI if less than 50% of our assets throughout a prescribed
testing period consist of interests in real property located within the U.S.,
excluding, for this purpose, interests in real property solely in a capacity as
a creditor. We do not expect that more than 50% of our assets will consist of
interests in real property located in the U.S.
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Even if our shares of common stock
otherwise would be a USRPI under the foregoing test, our shares of common stock
will not constitute a USRPI if we are a domestically controlled REIT. A
domestically controlled REIT is a REIT in which, at all times during a specified
testing period (generally the lesser of the five year period ending on the date
of disposition of our shares of common stock or the period of our existence),
less than 50% in value of its outstanding shares of common stock is held
directly or indirectly by non-U.S. stockholders. We believe we will be a
domestically controlled REIT and, therefore, the sale of our common stock should
not be subject to taxation under FIRPTA. However, because our stock will be
widely held, we cannot assure our investors that we will be a domestically
controlled REIT. Even if we do not qualify as a domestically controlled REIT, a
non-U.S. stockholders sale of our common stock nonetheless will generally not
be subject to tax under FIRPTA as a sale of a USRPI, provided that (1) our
common stock owned is of a class that is regularly traded, as defined by the
applicable Treasury regulation, on an established securities market, and
(2) the selling non-U.S. stockholder owned, actually or constructively, 5%
or less of our outstanding stock of that class at all times during a specified
testing period.
If gain on the sale of our common stock
were subject to taxation under FIRPTA, the non-U.S. stockholder would be subject
to the same treatment as a U.S. stockholder with respect to such gain, subject
to applicable alternative minimum tax and a special alternative minimum tax in
the case of non-resident alien individuals, and the purchaser of the stock could
be required to withhold 10% of the purchase price and remit such amount to the
IRS.
Gain from the sale of our common stock
that would not otherwise be subject to FIRPTA will nonetheless be taxable in the
U.S. to a non-U.S. stockholder in two cases: (1) if the non-U.S.
stockholders investment in our common stock is effectively connected with a
U.S. trade or business conducted by such non-U.S. stockholder, the non-U.S.
stockholder will be subject to the same treatment as a U.S. stockholder with
respect to such gain, or (2) if the non-U.S. stockholder is a nonresident
alien individual who was present in the U.S. for 183 days or more during
the taxable year and has a tax home in the U.S., the nonresident alien
individual will be subject to a 30% tax on the individuals capital gain.
Backup Withholding
and Information Reporting
We will report to our U.S. stockholders
and the IRS the amount of dividends paid during each calendar year and the
amount of any tax withheld. Under the backup withholding rules, a U.S.
stockholder may be subject to backup withholding with respect to dividends paid
unless the holder is a corporation or comes within other exempt categories and,
when required, demonstrates this fact or provides a taxpayer identification
number or social security number, certifies as to no loss of exemption from
backup withholding and otherwise complies with applicable requirements of the
backup withholding rules. A U.S. stockholder that does not provide his or her
correct taxpayer identification number or social security number may also be
subject to penalties imposed by the IRS. Backup withholding is not an additional
tax. In addition, we may be required to withhold a portion of capital gain
distribution to any U.S. stockholder who fails to certify their non-foreign
status.
We must report annually to the IRS and
to each non-U.S. stockholder the amount of dividends paid to such holder and the
tax withheld with respect to such dividends, regardless of whether withholding
was required. Copies of the information returns reporting such dividends and
withholding may also be made available to the tax authorities in the country in
which the non-U.S. stockholder resides under the provisions of an applicable
income tax treaty. A non-U.S. stockholder may be subject to backup withholding
unless applicable certification requirements are met.
Payment of the proceeds of a sale of
our common stock within the U.S. is subject to both backup withholding and
information reporting unless the beneficial owner certifies under penalties of
perjury that it is a non-U.S. stockholder (and the payor does not have actual
knowledge or reason to know that the beneficial owner is a U.S. person) or the
holder otherwise establishes an exemption. Payment of the proceeds of a sale of
our common stock conducted through certain U.S. related financial intermediaries
is subject to information reporting (but not backup withholding) unless the
financial intermediary has documentary evidence in its records that the
beneficial owner is a non-U.S. stockholder and specified conditions are met or
an exemption is otherwise established.
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Backup withholding is not an additional
tax. Any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules may be allowed as a
refund or a credit against such holders U.S. federal income tax liability
provided the required information is furnished to the IRS.
State, Local and
Foreign Taxes
We and our stockholders may be subject
to state, local or foreign taxation in various jurisdictions, including those in
which it or they transact business, own property or reside. The state, local or
foreign tax treatment of our company and our stockholders may not conform to the
U.S. federal income tax treatment discussed above. Any foreign taxes incurred by
us would not pass through to stockholders as a credit against their U.S. federal
income tax liability. Prospective stockholders should consult their tax advisors
regarding the application and effect of state, local and foreign income and
other tax laws on an investment in our companys common stock.
Legislative or
Other Actions Affecting REITs
The rules dealing with U.S. federal
income taxation are constantly under review by persons involved in the
legislative process and by the IRS and the U.S. Treasury Department. No
assurance can be given as to whether, when, or in what form, U.S. federal income
tax laws applicable to us and our stockholders may be enacted. Changes to the
U.S. federal income tax laws and interpretations of U.S. federal income tax laws
could adversely affect an investment in our shares of common stock.
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ERISA
CONSIDERATIONS
A fiduciary of a pension, profit
sharing, retirement or other employee benefit plan, or plan, subject to the
Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended, or ERISA, should
consider the fiduciary standards under ERISA in the context of the plans
particular circumstances before authorizing an investment of a portion of such
plans assets in the shares of common stock. Accordingly, such fiduciary should
consider (i) whether the investment satisfies the diversification
requirements of Section 404(a)(1)(C) of ERISA, (ii) whether the
investment is in accordance with the documents and instruments governing the
plan as required by Section 404(a)(1)(D) of ERISA, and (iii) whether the
investment is prudent under ERISA. In addition to the imposition of general
fiduciary standards of investment prudence and diversification, ERISA, and the
corresponding provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, prohibit a wide range of
transactions involving the assets of the plan and persons who have certain
specified relationships to the plan (parties in interest within the meaning of
ERISA, disqualified persons within the meaning of Internal Revenue Code).
Thus, a plan fiduciary considering an investment in the shares of common stock
also should consider whether the acquisition or the continued holding of the
shares of common stock might constitute or give rise to a direct or indirect
prohibited transaction that is not subject to an exemption issued by the
Department of Labor, or the DOL.
The DOL, has issued final regulations,
or the DOL Regulations, as to what constitutes assets of an employee benefit
plan under ERISA. Under the DOL Regulations, if a plan acquires an equity
interest in an entity, which interest is neither a publicly offered security
nor a security issued by an investment company registered under the 1940 Act as
amended, the plans assets would include, for purposes of the fiduciary
responsibility provision of ERISA, both the equity interest and an undivided
interest in each of the entitys underlying assets unless certain specified
exceptions apply. The DOL Regulations define a publicly offered security as a
security that is widely held, freely transferable, and either part of a
class of securities registered under the Exchange Act, or sold pursuant to an
effective registration statement under the Securities Act (provided the
securities are registered under the Exchange Act within 120 days after the
end of the fiscal year of the issuer during which the public offering occurred).
The shares of common stock are being sold in an offering registered under the
Securities Act and will be registered under the Exchange Act.
The DOL Regulations provided that a
security is widely held only if it is part of a class of securities that is
owned by 100 or more investors independent of the issuer and of one another. A
security will not fail to be widely held because the number of independent
investors falls below 100 subsequent to the initial public offering as a result
of events beyond the issuers control. The company expects the common stock to
be widely held upon completion of the initial public offering.
The DOL Regulations provide that
whether a security is freely transferable is a factual question to be
determined on the basis of all relevant facts and circumstances. The DOL
Regulations further provide that when a security is part of an offering in which
the minimum investment is $10,000 or less, as is the case with this offering,
certain restrictions ordinarily will not, alone or in combination, affect the
finding that such securities are freely transferable. We believe that the
restrictions imposed under our charter on the transfer of our common stock are
limited to the restrictions on transfer generally permitted under the DOL
Regulations are not likely to result in the failure of common stock to be
freely transferable. The DOL Regulations only establish a presumption in favor
of the finding of free transferability, and, therefore, no assurance can be
given that the DOL will not reach a contrary conclusion.
Assuming that the common stock will be widely held and freely transferable, we believe that our common stock will be
publicly offered securities for purposes of the DOL Regulations and that our
assets will not be deemed to be plan assets of any plan that invests in our
common stock.
Each holder of our common stock will be
deemed to have represented and agreed that its purchase and holding of such
common stock (or any interest therein) will not constitute or result in a
non-exempt prohibited transaction under ERISA or Section 4975 of the
Internal Revenue Code.
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UNDERWRITING
Subject to the terms and conditions of
the underwriting agreement, the underwriters named below, through their
representatives Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC and Morgan Stanley &
Co. Incorporated, have severally agreed to purchase from us the following
respective number of shares of common stock at a public offering price less the
underwriting discounts and commissions set forth on the cover page of this
prospectus:
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Underwriter |
|
Number of Shares |
|
Credit Suisse
Securities (USA) LLC |
|
|
|
|
Morgan Stanley &
Co. Incorporated |
|
|
|
|
Barclays Capital Inc. |
|
|
|
|
Keefe, Bruyette & Woods, Inc. |
|
|
|
|
Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
|
|
|
|
The underwriting agreement provides
that the obligations of the several underwriters to purchase the shares of
common stock offered hereby are subject to certain conditions precedent and that
the underwriters will purchase all of the shares of common stock offered by this
prospectus, other than those covered by the over-allotment option described
below, if any of these shares are purchased.
We have been advised by the
representatives of the underwriters that the underwriters propose to offer the
shares of common stock to the public at the public offering price set forth on
the cover of this prospectus and to dealers at a price that represents a
concession not in excess of $ per share under the public offering price. After
the initial public offering, the representatives of the underwriters may change
the offering price and other selling terms.
We have granted to the underwriters an
option, exercisable not later than 30 days after the date of this
prospectus, to purchase up
to additional
shares of common stock at the public offering price less the underwriting
discounts and commissions set forth on the cover page of this prospectus. The
underwriters may exercise this option only to cover over-allotments made in
connection with the sale of the common stock offered by this prospectus. To the
extent that the underwriters exercise this option, each of the underwriters will
become obligated, subject to conditions, to purchase approximately the same
percentage of these additional shares of common stock as the number of shares of
common stock to be purchased by it in the above table bears to the total number
of shares of common stock offered by this prospectus. We will be obligated to
sell these additional shares of common stock to the underwriters to the extent
the option is exercised. If any additional shares of common stock are purchased,
the underwriters will offer the additional shares on the same terms as those on
which the shares are being offered.
The underwriting discounts and
commissions per share are equal to the public offering price per share of common
stock less the amount paid by the underwriters to us per share of common stock.
We have agreed to pay the underwriters the following discounts and commissions,
assuming either no exercise or full exercise by the underwriters of the
underwriters over-allotment option:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total Fees |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Without Exercise of |
|
With Full Exercise of |
|
|
|
|
|
|
the Over-Allotment |
|
the Over-Allotment |
|
|
Fee per Share |
|
Option |
|
Option |
Discounts and
commissions paid by us |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
In addition, we estimate that our share
of the total expenses of this offering, excluding underwriting discounts and
commissions, will be approximately
$1.7 million.
We and our operating partnership have
agreed to indemnify the underwriters against some specified types of
liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, and to contribute
to payments the underwriters may be required to make in respect of any of these
liabilities.
- 127 -
We, each of our directors and executive
officers, our Manager and each executive officer of our Manager and Invesco Investments (Bermuda) Ltd. have agreed not to offer, sell, contract to sell or otherwise dispose
of or hedge, or enter into any transaction that is designed to, or could be
expected to, result in the disposition of any shares of our common stock or
other securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for shares of
our common stock or derivatives of our common stock owned by us or any of these
persons prior to this offering or common stock issuable upon exercise of options
or warrants held by these persons for a period of 180 days after the date
of this prospectus without the prior written consent of Credit Suisse Securities
(USA) LLC and Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated. However, each of our
directors and executive officers and each officer of our Manager and may transfer or
dispose of our shares during this 180-day lock-up period in the case of gifts
or for estate planning purposes where the donee agrees to a similar lock-up
agreement for the remainder of the this 180-day lock-up period.
Each of our Manager and Invesco Investments (Bermuda) Ltd. has agreed that,
for a period of one year after the date of this prospectus, without the consent
of Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC and Morgan Stanley & Co.
Incorporated, it will not dispose of or hedge any of the shares of our common
stock or OP units, respectively, that it purchases in the private placement completed
concurrently with the closing of this offering.
In the event that either
(1) during the last 17 days of the 180-day or one-year lock-up
period described in the two preceding paragraphs, we release earnings results or
material news or a material event relating to us occurs, or (2) prior to
the expiration of the 180-day or one-year lock-up period, we announce that we
will release earnings results during the 16-day period beginning on the last day
of the 180-day or one-year lock-up period, as applicable, then, in either
case, the expiration of the 180-day or one-year lock-up period, as applicable,
will be extended to the expiration of the 18-day period beginning on the date of
the release of the earnings results or the occurrence of the material news or
event, as applicable, unless Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC and Morgan
Stanley & Co. Incorporated waive, in writing, such an extension.
There are no agreements between Credit
Suisse Securities (USA) LLC or Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated and
any of our stockholders or affiliates releasing them from these lock-up
agreements prior to the expiration of the 180-day or one-year lock-up
period, as applicable.
The representatives of the underwriters
have advised us that the underwriters do not intend to confirm sales to any
account over which they exercise discretionary authority.
In connection with the offering, the
underwriters may purchase and sell shares of our common stock in the open
market. These transactions may include short sales, purchases to cover positions
created by short sales and stabilizing transactions.
At our request, the underwriters have
reserved up to 5% of the shares of common
stock for sale at the offering price to persons who are our directors and
officers or employees of our Manager or who are otherwise associated with us
through a directed share program. The number of shares of common stock available
for sale to the general public will be reduced by the number of directed shares
purchased by participants in the program. Any directed shares not purchased will
be offered by the underwriters to the general public on the same basis as all
other shares of common stock offered. The directed share program materials will
include a lock-up agreement requiring each purchaser in the directed share
program to agree that for the period
of 180 days
from the date of this prospectus, such purchasers will not, without prior
written consent of Morgan Stanley
& Co. Incorporated, dispose of or hedge any shares of our common stock
purchased in the directed share program. We have agreed to indemnify the underwriters against
certain liabilities and expenses, including liabilities under the Securities
Act, in connection with the sales of the directed shares.
Short sales involve the sale by the
underwriters of a greater number of shares than they are required to purchase in
the offering. Covered short sales are sales made in an amount not greater than
the underwriters option to purchase additional shares of common stock from us
in the offering. The underwriters may close out any covered short position by
either exercising their option to purchase additional shares or purchasing
shares in the open market. In determining the source of shares to close out the
covered short position, the underwriters will consider, among other things, the
price of shares available for purchase in the open market as compared to the
price at which they may purchase shares through the over-allotment option.
Naked short sales are any sales in
excess of the over-allotment option. The underwriters must close out any naked
short position by purchasing shares in the open market. A naked short position
is more likely to be created if underwriters are concerned that there may be
downward pressure on the price of the shares in the open market prior to the
completion of the offering.
Stabilizing transactions consist of
various bids for or purchases of our common stock made by the underwriters in
the open market prior to the completion of the offering.
The underwriters may impose a penalty
bid. This occurs when a particular underwriter repays to the other underwriters
a portion of the underwriting discount received by it because the
representatives of the underwriters have repurchased shares sold by or for the
account of that underwriter in stabilizing or short covering transactions.
- 128 -
Purchases to cover a short position and
stabilizing transactions may have the effect of preventing or slowing a decline
in the market price of our common stock. Additionally, these purchases, along
with the imposition of the penalty bid, may stabilize, maintain or otherwise
affect the market price of our common stock. As a result, the price of our
common stock may be higher than the price that might otherwise exist in the open
market. These transactions may be effected on the NYSE or otherwise.
A prospectus in electronic format may
be made available on web sites maintained by one or more underwriters. Other
than the prospectus in electronic format, the information on any underwriters
web site and any information contained in any other web site maintained by an
underwriter is not part of this prospectus or the registration statement of
which this prospectus form a part.
The underwriters or their affiliates
have engaged in transactions with, and have performed underwriting, investment
banking, lending and advisory services for Invesco and/or its affiliates in the
ordinary course of their business and may do so for us as well as our Manager
and Invesco and their affiliates in the future. Credit Suisse Securities
(USA) LLC and Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated have previously acted
as financial advisors to Invesco and have entered into repurchase agreements,
credit default swaps, equity swaps, foreign exchange contracts, guarantees and
other derivative contracts with Invesco. They have received or will receive
customary fees and reimbursements of expenses for these transactions and
services.
Pricing of this
Offering
Prior to this offering, there has been
no public market for our common stock. Our common stock has been
approved for listing on the NYSE, subject to official notice of
issuance, under the symbol IVR. The initial public offering
price per share of our common stock will be determined by negotiation among us
and the underwriters. Among the primary factors that will be considered in
determining the public offering price are: prevailing market conditions, the
present stage of our development, the market capitalizations and stages of
development of other companies that we and the underwriter believe to be
comparable to our business and estimates of our business potential.
- 129 -
LEGAL MATTERS
Certain legal matters relating to this
offering will be passed upon for us by Clifford Chance US LLP, New York, New
York. In addition, the description of U.S. federal income tax consequences
contained in the section of the prospectus entitled U.S. Federal Income Tax
Considerations is based on the opinion of Clifford Chance US LLP. Certain legal
matters relating to this offering will be passed upon for the underwriters by
Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP, New York, New York. As to certain
matters of Maryland law, Clifford Chance US LLP may rely on the opinion of
Venable LLP, Baltimore, Maryland.
EXPERTS
The financial statements of
Invesco Agency Securities Inc. as of December 31, 2008 and for the period from June 5, 2008 (date of incorporation) to December 31, 2008, included in this registration statement and prospectus,
have been so included in reliance upon the report of Grant Thornton LLP,
independent registered public accountants, upon the authority of said firm as
experts in accounting and auditing in giving said report.
WHERE YOU CAN
FIND MORE INFORMATION
We have filed with the SEC a
registration statement on Form S-11, including exhibits and schedules filed with
the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, under the
Securities Act, with respect to the shares of common stock to be sold in this
offering. This prospectus does not contain all of the information set forth in
the registration statement and exhibits and schedules to the registration
statement. For further information with respect to us and the shares of common
stock to be sold in this offering, reference is made to the registration
statement, including the exhibits and schedules to the registration statement.
Copies of the registration statement, including the exhibits and schedules to
the registration statement, may be examined without charge at the public
reference room of the Securities and Exchange Commission, 100 F Street, N.E.,
Room 1580, Washington, D.C. 20549. Information about the operation of the
public reference room may be obtained by calling the Securities and Exchange
Commission at 1-800-SEC-0300. Copies of all or a portion of the registration
statement may be obtained from the public reference room of the Securities and
Exchange Commission upon payment of prescribed fees. Our Securities and Exchange
Commission filings, including our registration statement, are also available to
you, free of charge, on the SECs website at www.sec.gov.
As a result of this offering, we will
become subject to the information and reporting requirements of the Exchange Act
and will file periodic reports, proxy statements and will make available to our
stockholders annual reports containing audited financial information for each
year and quarterly reports for the first three quarters of each fiscal year
containing unaudited interim financial information.
- 130 -
INDEX TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS OF INVESCO AGENCY SECURITIES INC.
|
|
|
|
|
Page |
|
|
F-2 |
Audited Financial Statements: |
|
|
|
|
F-3 |
|
|
F-4 |
|
|
F-5 |
|
|
F-6 |
|
|
F-7 |
F-1
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
Stockholder
Invesco Agency Securities Inc.
We have audited the balance sheet of Invesco Agency Securities Inc. (a Maryland Corporation in the
Development Stage) (the Company) as of December 31, 2008, and the related statements of operations, stockholders
deficiency and cash flows for the period from June 5, 2008 (date
of incorporation) to December 31, 2008.
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Companys management. Our responsibility is
to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight
Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain
reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. The
Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control
over financial reporting. Our audit included consideration of internal control over financial
reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but
not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Companys internal control
over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes
examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial
statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management,
as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit
provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material
respects, the financial position of Invesco Agency Securities Inc. (a Maryland Corporation in the
Development Stage) as of December 31, 2008 and the results of
its operations and its cash flows for the period from June 5,
2008 (date of incorporation) to December 31, 2008, in conformity with accounting principles generally
accepted in the United States of America.
/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP
Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania
January 29, 2009
F-2
INVESCO AGENCY SECURITIES INC.
(A Maryland Corporation in the Developmental Stage)
BALANCE SHEET
December 31, 2008
|
|
|
|
|
ASSETS |
|
|
|
|
Cash |
|
$ |
1,000 |
|
Other assets, deferred offering costs |
|
|
978,333 |
|
|
|
|
|
Total assets |
|
$ |
979,333 |
|
|
|
|
|
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS DEFICIENCY |
|
|
|
|
Due to affiliate |
|
$ |
1,000,714 |
|
|
|
|
|
Total liabilities |
|
|
1,000,714 |
|
Stockholders deficiency |
|
|
|
|
Common
stock, $0.01 par value, 100,000 shares authorized, 100 shares issued
and outstanding |
|
$ |
1 |
|
Additional paid in capital |
|
|
999 |
|
Accumulated deficit during development stage |
|
|
(22,381 |
) |
|
|
|
|
Total stockholders deficiency |
|
|
(21,381 |
) |
|
|
|
|
Total liabilities and stockholders deficiency |
|
$ |
979,333 |
|
|
|
|
|
The
accompanying notes are an integral part of this statement.
F-3
INVESCO AGENCY SECURITIES INC.
(A Maryland Corporation in the Developmental Stage)
STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS
For the Period from June 5, 2008 (date of incorporation) to December 31, 2008
|
|
|
|
|
Revenues |
|
$ |
|
|
Operating expenses |
|
|
|
|
Organizational costs |
|
|
22,381 |
|
|
|
|
|
Net loss |
|
$ |
(22,381 |
) |
|
|
|
|
The
accompanying notes are an integral part of this statement.
F-4
INVESCO AGENCY SECURITIES INC.
(A Maryland Corporation in the Developmental Stage)
STATEMENT
OF STOCKHOLDERS DEFICIENCY
For the Period from June 5, 2008 (date of incorporation) to December 31, 2008
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Additional |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Common Stock |
|
Paid in |
|
Accumulated |
|
|
|
|
Shares |
|
Amount |
|
Capital |
|
Deficit |
|
Total |
Balance at June 5, 2008 |
|
|
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
Issuance of common stock |
|
|
100 |
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
999 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1,000 |
|
Net loss |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(22,381 |
) |
|
|
(22,381 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance at August 31, 2008 |
|
|
100 |
|
|
$ |
1 |
|
|
$ |
999 |
|
|
$ |
(22,381 |
) |
|
$ |
(21,381 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The
accompanying notes are an integral part of this statement.
F-5
INVESCO AGENCY SECURITIES INC.
(A Maryland Corporation in the Developmental Stage)
STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
For the Period from June 5, 2008 (date of incorporation) to December 31, 2008
|
|
|
|
|
Cash Flows from Operating Activities |
|
|
|
|
Net loss |
|
$ |
(22,381 |
) |
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities |
|
|
|
|
Changes in operating assets and liabilities |
|
|
|
|
Increase in
other assets, deferred offering costs |
|
|
(978,333 |
) |
Increase in due to affiliate |
|
|
1,000,714 |
|
|
|
|
|
Net cash used in operating activities |
|
|
( |
) |
Cash Flows from Financing Activities |
|
|
|
|
Proceeds from issuance of common stock |
|
|
1,000 |
|
|
|
|
|
Net cash provided by financing activities |
|
|
1,000 |
|
|
|
|
|
Net change in cash |
|
|
1,000 |
|
Cash, Beginning of Period |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash, End of Period |
|
$ |
1,000 |
|
|
|
|
|
The
accompanying notes are an integral part of this statement.
F-6
INVESCO AGENCY SECURITIES INC.
(A Maryland Corporation in the Developmental Stage)
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2008
Note 1 Organization and proposed business operations
Invesco Agency Securities Inc. (the Company or We) is a newly-formed Maryland corporation that intends to invest in mortgage-backed securities (Agency
MBS) for which a U.S. Government agency such as the
Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae) the Federal National Mortgage Association
(Fannie Mae) or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac) guarantees payments
of principal and interest on the securities. Our Agency MBS investments will include mortgage pass
through securities and collateralized mortgage obligations (CMOs). We will be externally managed and
advised by Invesco Institutional (N.A.), Inc. (the Manager), an SEC-registered investment adviser
and indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Invesco Ltd.
(Invesco), a leading independent
global investment management company. The Manager was issued
100 shares at $10 per share to initially capitalize the Company.
The Companys objective is to provide attractive risk adjusted returns to our investors over the
long term, primarily through dividends and secondarily through capital appreciation. We will
generate income principally from the spread between yields on our investments and our cost of
borrowing, including hedging activities. Our Agency MBS investments will be collateralized by a
variety of loans secured by residential real property, including fixed-rate mortgage loans,
adjustable-rate mortgage loans and hybrid mortgage loans. We intend to construct a diversified
investment portfolio by focusing on security selection and the relative value of various sectors
within the Agency MBS market. We intend to finance our investments through short-term borrowings
structured as repurchase agreements. Our Manager is in the process of securing commitments for us
with a number of repurchase agreement counterparties.
The
Company will commence operations upon completion of an initial public
offering. The Company has adopted a fiscal year ending December 31. The Company also intends to
elect and qualify to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (REIT) for U.S. federal income
tax purposes under the provisions of the
Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code), commencing with our taxable year ending
December 31, 2009. As such, to maintain our REIT qualification
for U.S. federal
income tax purposes, the Company is generally required to distribute
at least 90% of its net income (excluding net capital gains) to its stockholders as well
as comply with certain other requirements. Accordingly, we generally will not be
subject to U.S. federal income taxes to the extent that we annually
distribute all of our REIT taxable income to our stockholders. We also intend to operate our business in a manner that will permit us to maintain our
exemption from registration under the Investment Company Act of 1940, (the 1940 Act).
Note 2 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Development Stage Company
The Company complies with the reporting requirements of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards
(SFAS) No. 7, Accounting and Reports by Development Stage Enterprises. The Company expects to
incur organizational, accounting and offering costs in pursuit of its
financing. The offering and other organization costs, which are being
advanced by our Manager, are not
required to be paid before the offering is completed and will be paid out of the proceeds of the
offering that are set aside for such purposes. There can be no assurance that the Companys plans to raise capital will be
successful.
F-7
INVESCO AGENCY SECURITIES INC.
(A Maryland Corporation in the Developmental Stage)
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2008
Note 2 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
Use of Estimates
The accounting and reporting policies of the Company conform with accounting
principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) and general practices within the financial services industry. The preparation
of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and
assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes.
Examples of estimates include, but are not limited to estimates of the fair values of financial
instruments and interest income on available-for-sale securities.
Actual results could differ from those results.
Deferred offering costs:
The
Company complies with the requirements of the SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin (SAB) Topic 5A,
Expenses of Offering. Deferred offering costs consist of
legal and other costs of $978,333 incurred through December 31, 2008
that are related to the initial public offering and that will
be charged to
capital upon the completion of the initial public offering or charged
to expense if the initial public offering is not completed.
Repurchase Agreements
The Company will finance the acquisition of Agency MBS for our investment portfolio through the use
of repurchase agreements. Repurchase agreements will be treated as collateralized financing
transactions and will be carried at primarily their contractual amounts, including accrued interest, as
specified in the respective agreements.
In instances where we acquire Agency MBS through repurchase agreements with the same counterparty
from whom the Agency MBS were purchased, we will account for the purchase commitment and repurchase
agreement on a net basis and record a forward commitment to purchase Agency MBS as a derivative
instrument if the transaction does not comply with the criteria in
FASB Staff Position, (FSP),
FAS 140-3, Accounting for Transfers of Financial
Assets and Repurchase Financing Transactions,
(FSP FAS 140-3), for gross presentation. If the transaction complies with the criteria for gross
presentation in FSP FAS 140-3, we will record the assets and the related financing on a gross basis
in our statements of financial condition, and the corresponding interest income and interest
expense in our statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). Such forward commitments
are recorded at fair value with subsequent changes in fair value recognized in income.
Additionally, we will record the cash portion of our investment in Agency MBS as a mortgage related
receivable from the counterparty on our balance sheet.
Loans and Securities Held for Investment
SFAS
No. 115, Accounting for Certain Investments in Debt and
Equity Securities, (SFAS 115),
requires that at the time of purchase, we designate a security as either held-to-maturity,
available-for-sale, or trading depending on our ability and intent to hold such security to
maturity. Securities available-for-sale will be reported at fair value, while securities
held-to-maturity will be reported at amortized cost. Although we generally intend to hold most of
our Agency MBS until maturity, we may, from time to time, sell any of our Agency MBS as part of our
overall management of our investment portfolio.
F-8
INVESCO AGENCY SECURITIES INC.
(A Maryland Corporation in the Developmental Stage)
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2008
Note 2 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
All assets classified as
available-for-sale will be reported at fair value, based on market prices from third-party sources
when available, with unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings and reported as a separate
component of stockholders equity. We do not have an investment portfolio at this time.
Our Manager will evaluate securities for other-than-temporary impairment at least on a quarterly
basis, and more frequently when economic or market conditions warrant such evaluation. The
determination of whether a security is other-than-temporarily impaired will involve judgments and
assumptions based on subjective and objective factors. Consideration will be given to (1) the
length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, (2) the financial
condition and near-term prospects of recovery in fair value of the agency security, and (3) our
intent and ability to retain our investment in the Agency MBS for a period of time sufficient to
allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value.
Investments with unrealized losses will not be considered other-than-temporarily impaired if we
have the ability and intent to hold the investments for a period of time, to maturity if necessary,
sufficient for a forecasted market price recovery up to or beyond the cost of the investments.
Unrealized losses on securities that are considered other-than-temporary, as measured by the amount
of the difference between the securities cost basis and its fair value will be recognized in
earnings as an unrealized loss and the cost basis of the securities will be adjusted.
Interest Income Recognition
Interest income on available-for-sale securities will be recognized over the life of the investment
using the effective interest method. Interest income on mortgage-backed securities is recognized
using the effective interest method as described by SFAS 91, Accounting for Nonrefundable Fees
and Costs Associated with Originating or Acquiring Loans and Initial
Direct Costs of Leases, (SFAS 91), for
securities of high credit quality and Emerging Issues Task Force No. 99-20, Recognition of Interest
Income and Impairment on Purchased and Retained Beneficial Interests in Securitized Financial
Assets, (EITF 99-20), for all other securities.
Under SFAS 91 and EITF 99-20,
management will estimate, at the time of purchase, the future expected cash flows and determine the
effective interest rate based on these estimated cash flows and our purchase price. As needed,
these estimated cash flows will be updated and a revised yield computed based on the current
amortized cost of the investment. In estimating these cash flows, there will be a number of
assumptions that will be subject to uncertainties and contingencies. These include the rate and
timing of principal payments (including prepayments, repurchases, defaults and liquidations), the
pass through or coupon rate and interest rate fluctuations. In addition, interest payment
shortfalls due to delinquencies on the underlying mortgage loans have to be judgmentally estimated.
These uncertainties and contingencies are difficult to predict and are subject to future events
that may impact managements estimates and our interest income. Security transactions will be
recorded on the trade date. Realized gains and losses from security transactions will be determined
based upon the specific identification method and recorded as gain (loss) on sale of
available-for-sale securities and loans held for investment in the statement of income.
We will account for accretion of discounts or premiums on available-for-sale securities and real
estate loans using the effective interest yield method. Such amounts will be included as a
component of interest income in the income statement.
Net Income Per Share
In accordance with the provisions of SFAS 128, Earnings
per Share, (SFAS 128) the Company calculates basic income per share by dividing net income for the period by
weighted-average shares of its common stock outstanding for that period. Diluted income per share takes into account the effect of dilutive
instruments, such as stock options and unvested restricted stock, but uses the average share price for the period in determining
the number of incremental shares that are to be added to the
weighted-average number of shares outstanding. For the period from
June 5, 2008 (date of incorporation) to December 31, 2008,
earnings per share is not presented because it is not a meaningful measure of the Companys performance.
F-9
INVESCO AGENCY SECURITIES INC.
(A Maryland Corporation in the Developmental Stage)
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2008
Note 2 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
Accounting for Derivative Financial Instruments
Our policies permit us to enter into derivative contracts, including interest rate swaps, interest
rate caps and interest rate floors, as a means of mitigating our interest rate risk. We intend to
use interest rate derivative financial instruments to mitigate interest rate risk rather than to
enhance returns. We will account for derivative financial instruments in accordance with SFAS 133,
Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging
Activities, (SFAS 133) as amended and interpreted. SFAS 133 requires an entity to recognize all derivatives as either
assets or liabilities in the balance sheets and to measure those instruments at fair value.
Additionally, the fair value adjustments will affect either other comprehensive income in
stockholders equity until the hedged item is recognized in earnings or net income depending on
whether the derivative instrument qualifies as a hedge for accounting purposes and, if so, the
nature of the hedging activity.
In the normal course of business, we may use a variety of derivative financial instruments to
manage, or hedge, interest rate risk. These derivative financial instruments must be effective in
reducing our interest rate risk exposure in order to qualify for hedge accounting. When the terms
of an underlying transaction are modified, or when the underlying hedged item ceases to exist, all
changes in the fair value of the instrument are marked-to-market with changes in value included in
net income for each period until the derivative instrument matures or is settled. Any derivative
instrument used for risk management that does not meet the hedging criteria is marked-to-market
with the changes in value included in net income. Derivatives will be used for hedging purposes
rather than speculation. We will rely on quotations from a third party to determine these fair
values. If our hedging activities do not achieve our desired results, our reported earnings may be
adversely affected.
Fair Value Measurements
The
Financial Accounting Standards Board (the FASB) issued SFAS No. 157, Fair Value Measurements, (SFAS 157). SFAS 157 defines fair value,
establishes a framework for measuring fair value and requires enhanced disclosures about fair value
measurements. SFAS 157 requires companies to disclose the fair value of their financial instruments
according to a fair value hierarchy (levels 1, 2, and 3, as defined). Additionally, companies are
required to provide enhanced disclosure regarding instruments in the level 3 category (which
require significant management judgment), including a reconciliation of the beginning and ending
balances separately for each major category of assets and liabilities.
Additionally,
the FASB issued SFAS No. 159, The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and
Financial Liabilities, including an amendment of SFAS
No. 115, (SFAS 159). SFAS 159 permits
entities to choose to measure many financial instruments and certain other items at fair value.
Unrealized gains and losses on items for which the fair value option has been elected will be
recognized in earnings at each subsequent reporting dates.
F-10
INVESCO AGENCY SECURITIES INC.
(A Maryland Corporation in the Developmental Stage)
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2008
Note 2 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
Income Taxes
The
Company intends to elect and qualify to be taxed as a REIT,
commencing with its taxable year
ending December 31, 2009. Accordingly, we will generally not be subject to corporate U.S. federal
or state income tax to the extent that we make qualifying distributions to our stockholders, and
provided we satisfy on a continuing basis, through actual investment and operating results, the
REIT requirements including certain asset, income, distribution and stock ownership tests. If we
fail to qualify as a REIT, and do not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, we will be
subject to U.S. federal, state and local income taxes and may be precluded from qualifying as a
REIT for the subsequent four taxable years following the year in which we lost our REIT
qualification. Accordingly, our failure to qualify as a REIT could have a material adverse impact
on our results of operations and amounts available for distribution to our stockholders.
The dividends paid deduction of a REIT for qualifying dividends to its stockholders is computed
using our taxable income as opposed to net income reported on the financial statements. Taxable
income, generally, will differ from net income reported on the financial statements because the
determination of taxable income is based on tax provisions and not financial accounting principles.
The Company may elect to treat certain of our subsidiaries as taxable REIT subsidiaries (TRSs).
In general, a TRS of ours may hold assets and engage in activities that we cannot hold or engage in
directly and generally may engage in any real estate or non-real estate-related business. A TRS is
subject to U.S. federal, state and local corporate income taxes.
While a TRS will generate net income, a TRS can declare dividends to us which will be included in
our taxable income and necessitate a distribution to our stockholders. Conversely, if we retain
earnings at a TRS level, no distribution is required and we can increase book equity of the
consolidated entity.
Share-Based Compensation
The Company will follow SFAS No. 123R, Share-Based Payments (SFAS 123(R)), with regard to
its stock option plan. SFAS 123(R) covers a wide range of share-based compensation arrangements
including share options, restricted share plans, performance-based awards, share appreciation
rights, and employee share purchase plans. SFAS 123 (R) requires that compensation cost
relating to share-based payment transactions be recognized in financial statements. The cost is
measured based on the fair value of the equity or liability instruments issued.
The
Company intends to adopt an equity incentive plan under which its independent directors are eligible
to receive annual nondiscretionary awards of nonqualified stock options. The board
of directors may make appropriate adjustments to the number of shares available for awards and the
terms of outstanding awards under the stock option plan to reflect any change in the Companys
capital structure.
F-11
INVESCO AGENCY SECURITIES INC.
(A Maryland Corporation in the Developmental Stage)
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2008
Note 3 Recent Accounting Pronouncements
The FASB issued FSP FAS 140-3 relating to SFAS 140, Accounting for Transfers of Financial
Assets and Repurchase Financing Transactions, (FSP FAS 140-3), to address questions where assets
purchased from a particular counterparty and financed through a repurchase agreement with the same
counterparty can be considered and accounted for as separate transactions. Currently, we are still
evaluating our ability to record such assets and the related financing on a gross basis in our
statements of financial condition, and the corresponding interest income and interest expense in
our statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). For assets representing
available-for-sale investment securities, as in our case, any change in fair value will be reported
through other comprehensive income under SFAS 115, Accounting for Certain Investments in Debt and
Equity Securities, with the exception of impairment losses,
which will be recorded in the statement of operations and comprehensive (loss) income as realized
losses.
FASBs staff position requires that all of the following criteria be met in order to continue the
application of SFAS No. 140 as described above:
|
(1) |
|
The initial transfer of and repurchase financing cannot be contractually contingent; |
|
(2) |
|
The repurchase financing entered into between the parties provides full recourse to
the transferee and the repurchase price is fixed; |
|
(3) |
|
The financial asset has an active market and the transfer is executed at market
rates; and |
|
(4) |
|
The repurchase agreement and financial asset do not mature simultaneously. |
In March 2008, the FASB issued SFAS 161, Disclosures
about Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities, an amendment of SFAS 133 (SFAS 161). This
new standard requires enhanced disclosures for derivative instruments, including those used in hedging activities.
It is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after November 15, 2008 and will be applicable to the
Company in the first quarter of fiscal 2009. The Company is assessing the potential impact that the adoption of SFAS 161
may have on its financial statements.
F-12
INVESCO AGENCY SECURITIES INC.
(A Maryland Corporation in the Developmental Stage)
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2008
Note 4 Related Party Transactions
The Company will be externally managed and advised by our Manager, an indirect and wholly owned
subsidiary of Invesco. Pursuant to the terms of the management agreement, our Manager will provide
us with our management team, including our officers, along with appropriate support personnel. Each
of our officers is an employee of the Invesco or one of its affiliates. The Company does not expect to have any employees.
Our Manager is not obligated to dedicate any of its employees exclusively to us, nor is our Manager
or its employees obligated to dedicate any specific portion of its or their time to our business.
Our Manager is at all times subject to the supervision and oversight of our board of directors and
has only such functions and authority as we delegate to it.
The following table summarizes the fees and expense reimbursements that we will pay to our Manager:
|
|
|
Type |
|
Description |
Management fee:
|
|
1.50% of our stockholders equity up to $500 million and
1.25% of our stockholders equity in excess of $500
million, per annum and calculated and payable quarterly in
arrears. For purposes of calculating the management fee,
our stockholders equity means the sum of the net proceeds
from all issuances of our equity securities since
inception (allocated on a pro rata daily basis for such
issuances during the fiscal quarter of any such issuance),
plus our retained earnings at the end of the most recently
completed calendar quarter (without taking into account
any non-cash equity compensation expense incurred in
current or prior periods), less any amount that we pay to
repurchase our common stock since inception, and excluding
any unrealized gains, losses or other items that do not
affect realized net income (regardless of whether such
items are included in other comprehensive income or loss,
or in net income). This amount will be adjusted to exclude
one-time events pursuant to changes in accounting
principles generally accepted in the United States, or
GAAP, and certain non-cash items after discussions between
our Manager and our independent directors and approved by
a majority of our independent directors. Our stockholders
equity, for purposes of calculating the management fee,
could be greater or less than the amount of stockholders
equity shown on our financial statements. We will treat
outstanding limited partner interests (not held by us) as
outstanding shares of capital stock for purposes of
calculating the management fee. |
F-13
INVESCO AGENCY SECURITIES INC.
(A Maryland Corporation in the Developmental Stage)
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2008
Note 4 Related Party Transactions (continued)
|
|
|
Type |
|
Description |
Expense reimbursement
|
|
Reimbursement
of operating expenses related to
us incurred by our Manager,
including certain salary expenses and other expenses related to legal, accounting, due
diligence and other services. Our reimbursement obligation is not
subject to any dollar limitation. |
|
|
|
Termination fee
|
|
Termination fee equal to three times
the sum of the average annual
management fee earned by our Manager
during the prior 24-month period
prior to such termination,
calculated as of the end of the most
recently completed fiscal quarter. |
|
|
|
Note 5
Securities Convertible into Shares of Common Stock
Upon
completion of this offering (1) the limited partners of IAS Operating
Partnership LP (the Operating Partnership)
(excluding units of limited partnership interest (the OP
units) of the Operating Partnership owned by the Company) will
have the right to cause the Operating Partnership to redeem their OP
units for cash equal to the market value of an equivalent number of
shares of common stock, or at the Companys option, we may
purchase their OP units by issuing one share of common stock for each
OP unit redeemed and (2) the Company, at the discretion of the
board of directors, intends to reserve shares of restricted common
stock to be granted to the executive officers, independent directors
and personnel of the Manager under the equity incentive plan.
Note 6 Registration Rights
We will
enter into a registration
rights agreement with regard to the common stock and OP units owned
by our Manager and Invesco Investments (Bermuda) Ltd., respectively,
upon completion of this offering and any shares of common stock that our Manager
may elect to receive under the management agreement or otherwise. Pursuant to
the registration rights agreement, we will grant to our Manager and
Invesco Investments (Bermuda) Ltd., (1) unlimited demand registration rights to have the shares
purchased by our Manager or granted to it in the future and the
shares that we may issue upon redemption of the OP units purchased by
Invesco Investments (Bermuda) Ltd.
registered for resale, and (2) in certain circumstances, the right to
piggy-back these shares in registration statements we might file in
connection with any future public offering so long as we retain our
Manager as the manager under the management agreement. The
registration rights of our Manager and Invesco Investments (Bermuda) Ltd., respectively
with respect to
the common stock and OP units that they will purchase simultaneously with this offering will
only begin to apply one year after the date of this prospectus. Notwithstanding
the foregoing, any registration will be subject to cutback provisions, and we
will be permitted to suspend the use, from time to time, of the prospectus that
is part of the registration statement (and therefore suspend sales under the
registration statement) for certain periods, referred to as blackout periods.
F-14
Invesco Agency Securities Inc.
Shares
Common Stock
Credit Suisse
Morgan Stanley
Barclays Capital
Keefe, Bruyette & Woods
Stifel Nicolaus
February , 2009
PART II
INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS
|
|
|
Item 31. |
|
Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution. |
The following table shows the fees and expenses, other than underwriting discounts and
commissions, to be paid by us in connection with the sale and distribution of the securities being
registered hereby. All amounts except the SEC registration fee are estimated.
|
|
|
|
|
Securities and Exchange Commission registration fee |
|
$ |
9,825 |
|
Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. filing fee |
|
|
25,500 |
|
NYSE listing fee |
|
|
150,000 |
|
Legal fees and expenses (including Blue Sky fees) |
|
|
1,200,000 |
|
Accounting fees and expenses |
|
|
150,000 |
|
Printing and engraving expenses |
|
|
150,000 |
|
Transfer agent fees and expenses |
|
|
2,500 |
|
Miscellaneous |
|
|
20,000 |
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
|
$ |
1,707,825 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Item 32. |
|
Sales to Special Parties. |
None.
|
|
|
Item 33. |
|
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities. |
On
June 16, 2008, Invesco Institutional (N.A.), Inc., our Manager,
purchased 100 shares of our common stock
for a purchase price of $1,000 in a private offering. Such issuance was exempt from the
registration requirements of the Securities Act pursuant to Section 4(2) thereof.
Simultaneously with the completion of the
offering of our common stock pursuant to this
registration statement, we will issue a number of shares of common
stock to our Manager equal to 0.5% of the gross proceeds raised in
the offering of our common stock pursuant to this registration
statement, up to $1,250,000. The number of
shares to be issued to our Manager will be determined by the Public Offering Price
set forth on the cover of the prospectus forming a part of this
registration statement. Based on the currently anticipated public offering price
of $ per share, this would result in the issuance of shares of common stock
to our Manager. Such issuance will be exempt from the requirements of the Securities Act
pursuant to Section 4(2) thereof.
|
|
|
Item 34. |
|
Indemnification of Directors and Officers. |
Maryland law permits a Maryland corporation to include in its charter a provision limiting the
liability of its directors and officers to the corporation and its stockholders for money damages
except for liability resulting from (1) actual receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money,
property or services or (2) active and deliberate dishonesty established by a final judgment as
being material to the cause of action. Our charter contains such a provision that eliminates such
liability to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law.
The MGCL requires us (unless our charter provides otherwise, which our charter does not) to
indemnify a director or officer who has been successful, on the merits or otherwise, in the defense
of any proceeding to which he is made or threatened to be made a party by reason of his service in
that capacity. The MGCL permits a corporation to indemnify its present and former directors and
officers, among others, against judgments, penalties, fines, settlements and reasonable expenses
actually incurred by them in connection with any proceeding to which they may be made or threatened
to be made a party by reason of their service in those or other capacities unless it is established
that:
|
|
|
the act or omission of the director or officer was material to the matter giving
rise to the proceeding and (1) was committed in bad faith or (2) was the result of
active and deliberate dishonesty; |
|
|
|
|
the director or officer actually received an improper personal benefit in money,
property or services; or |
|
|
|
|
in the case of any criminal proceeding, the director or officer had reasonable cause
to believe that the act or omission was unlawful. |
II-1
However, under the MGCL, a Maryland corporation may not indemnify a director or officer in a
suit by or in the right of the corporation in which the director or officer was adjudged liable on
the basis that personal benefit was improperly received. A court may order indemnification if it
determines that the director or officer is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnification, even
though the director or officer did not meet the prescribed standard of conduct or was adjudged
liable on the basis that personal benefit was improperly received. However, indemnification for an
adverse judgment in a suit by us or in our right, or for a judgment of liability on the basis that
personal benefit was improperly received, is limited to expenses.
In addition, the MGCL permits a corporation to advance reasonable expenses to a director or
officer upon the corporations receipt of:
|
|
|
a written affirmation by the director or officer of his or her good faith belief
that he or she has met the standard of conduct necessary for indemnification by the
corporation; and |
|
|
|
|
a written undertaking by the director or officer or on the directors or officers
behalf to repay the amount paid or reimbursed by the corporation if it is ultimately
determined that the director or officer did not meet the standard of conduct. |
Our charter authorizes us to obligate ourselves and our Bylaws obligate us, to the fullest
extent permitted by Maryland law in effect from time to time, to indemnify and, without requiring a
preliminary determination of the ultimate entitlement to indemnification, pay or reimburse
reasonable expenses in advance of final disposition of a proceeding to:
|
|
|
any present or former director or officer who is made or threatened to be made a
party to the proceeding by reason of his or her service in that capacity; or |
|
|
|
|
any individual who, while a director or officer of our company and at our request,
serves or has served another corporation, REIT, partnership, joint venture, trust,
employee benefit plan or any other enterprise as a director, officer, partner or
trustee of such corporation, REIT, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit
plan or other enterprise and who is made or threatened to be made a party to the
proceeding by reason of his or her service in that capacity. |
Our charter and Bylaws also permit us to indemnify and advance expenses to any person who
served a predecessor of ours in any of the capacities described above and to any personnel or agent
of our company or a predecessor of our company.
Following
completion of this offering, we may enter into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive
officers that would provide for indemnification to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law. In
addition, our operating partnerships partnership agreement
provides that we, as general partner,
through our wholly owned subsidiary, and our officers and directors are indemnified to the maximum
extent permitted by law.
Insofar as the foregoing provisions permit indemnification of directors, officers or persons
controlling us for liability arising under the Securities Act of
1933, as amended (or the Securities Act), we have been informed that, in the
opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, this indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities
Act and is therefore unenforceable.
|
|
|
Item 35. |
|
Treatment of Proceeds from Stock Being Registered. |
None of the proceeds will be credited to an account other than the appropriate capital share
account.
|
|
|
Item 36. |
|
Financial Statements and Exhibits. |
(a) Financial Statements. See page F-1 for an index to the financial statements included in
the registration statement.
II-2
(b) Exhibits. The following is a complete list of exhibits filed as part of the registration
statement, which are incorporated herein:
|
|
|
Exhibit Number |
|
Exhibit Description |
1.1*
|
|
Form of Underwriting Agreement among Invesco Agency Securities Inc., IAS
Operating Partnership LP, Invesco Institutional (N.A.), Inc. and the
underwriters named therein |
3.1*
|
|
Articles of Amendment and Restatement of Invesco Agency Securities Inc. |
3.2*
|
|
Amended and Restated Bylaws of Invesco Agency Securities Inc. |
4.1*
|
|
Specimen Common Stock Certificate of Invesco Agency Securities Inc. |
5.1*
|
|
Opinion of Clifford Chance US LLP (including consent of such firm) |
8.1*
|
|
Tax Opinion of Clifford Chance US LLP (including consent of such firm) |
10.1*
|
|
Form of Private Placement Purchase
Agreement between Invesco Agency Securities Inc. and Invesco
Institutional (N.A.), Inc. |
10.2*
|
|
Form of Private Placement Purchase
Agreement between IAS Operating Partnership L.P. and Invesco
Investments (Bermuda) Ltd. |
10.3
|
|
Form of Registration Rights
Agreement among Invesco Agency Securities Inc.., Invesco Institutional
(N.A.), Inc. and Invesco Investments (Bermuda) Ltd. |
10.4*
|
|
Form of Management Agreement among Invesco Institutional (N.A.), Inc., Invesco Agency Securities Inc. and IAS Operating Partnership LP |
10.5
|
|
Form of First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited
Partnership of IAS Operating Partnership LP |
10.6
|
|
Equity Incentive Plan of Invesco Agency Securities Inc. |
10.7*
|
|
Form of Restricted Common Stock Award Agreement |
10.8*
|
|
Form of Stock Option Award Agreement |
23.1*
|
|
Consent of Clifford Chance US LLP (included in Exhibit 5.1) |
23.2*
|
|
Consent of Clifford Chance US LLP (included in Exhibit 8.1) |
23.3**
|
|
Consent of Grant Thornton LLP
|
24.1** |
|
Power of Attorney of Donald R. Ramon (included on signature page to this registration statement) |
24.2 |
|
Power of Attorney of Richard J. King, G. Mark Armour and Karen Dunn Kelley |
99.1
|
|
Consent of Independent Director Nominee James S. Balloun
|
99.2
|
|
Consent of Independent Director Nominee John S. Day
|
99.3
|
|
Consent of Independent Director Nominee Neil Williams
|
|
|
|
|
|
Filed previously. |
* |
|
To be filed by amendment. |
** |
|
Filed herewith. |
(a) The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes to provide to the underwriters at the closing
specified in the underwriting agreement, certificates in such denominations and registered in such
names as required by the underwriters to permit prompt delivery to each purchaser.
(b) Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act,
may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of
the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised
that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against
public policy as expressed in the Act and is, therefore,
unenforceable. In the event that a claim for
indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses
incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful
defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling
person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the
opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of
appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy
as expressed in the Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.
(c) The undersigned registrant hereby further undertakes that:
(1) For purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act,
the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this
registration statement in reliance under Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus
filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(1) or (4), or 497(h) under the Securities
Act shall be deemed to part of this registration statement as of the time it was declared
effective.
(2)
For the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each
post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new
registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such
securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.
II-3
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the registrant certifies that it
has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form S-11 and
has duly caused this Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned,
thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Louisville, State of
Kentucky, on January 30, 2009.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Invesco Agency Securities Inc.
|
|
|
By: |
/s/ Richard J. King |
|
|
|
Richard J. King President and Chief Executive Officer |
|
|
|
|
|
|
POWER OF ATTORNEY
Donald Ramon, whose signature appears below, hereby constitutes and appoints Richard J. King
his true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him
and in his name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this
Registration Statement, and any additional related registration statement filed pursuant to Rule 462(b)
under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (including post-effective amendments to the registration
statement and any such related registration statements), and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and
any other documents in connection therewith, granting unto said attorney-in-fact and agent full power and
authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in and about
the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and
confirming all that said attorney-in-fact and agent, or his substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or
cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this Registration Statement has
been signed below by the following persons in the capacities and on the date indicated.
|
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|
Signatures |
|
Title |
|
Date |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
By: |
/s/ Richard J. King
Richard J. King |
|
President and Chief Executive Officer
(principal executive officer)
|
|
January 30, 2009 |
By: |
/s/ Donald R. Ramon
Donald R. Ramon |
|
Chief Financial Officer
(principal financial and accounting officer)
|
|
January 30, 2009 |
By: |
*
G. Mark Armour |
|
Director
|
|
January 30, 2009 |
By: |
*
Karen Dunn Kelley |
|
Director
|
|
January 30, 2009 |
|
*By: |
/s/ Richard J. King
Attorney-in-fact |
|
|
|
|
II-4
EXHIBIT INDEX
|
|
|
Exhibit Number |
|
Exhibit Description |
1.1*
|
|
Form of Underwriting Agreement among Invesco Agency Securities Inc., IAS
Operating Partnership LP, Invesco Institutional (N.A.), Inc. and the
underwriters named therein |
3.1*
|
|
Articles of Amendment and Restatement of Invesco Agency Securities Inc. |
3.2*
|
|
Amended and Restated Bylaws of Invesco Agency Securities Inc. |
4.1*
|
|
Specimen Common Stock Certificate of Invesco Agency Securities Inc. |
5.1*
|
|
Opinion of Clifford Chance US LLP (including consent of such firm) |
8.1*
|
|
Tax Opinion of Clifford Chance US LLP (including consent of such firm) |
10.1*
|
|
Form of Private Placement Purchase
Agreement between Invesco Agency Securities Inc. and Invesco
Institutional (N.A.), Inc. |
10.2*
|
|
Form of Private Placement Purchase
Agreement between IAS Operating Partnership L.P. and Invesco
Investments (Bermuda) Ltd. |
10.3
|
|
Form of Registration Rights
Agreement among Invesco Agency Securities Inc., Invesco Institutional
(N.A.), Inc. and Invesco Investments (Bermuda) Ltd. |
10.4*
|
|
Form of Management Agreement among Invesco Institutional (N.A.), Inc., Invesco Agency Securities Inc. and IAS Operating Partnership LP |
10.5
|
|
Form of First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of IAS Operating Partnership LP |
10.6
|
|
Equity Incentive Plan of Invesco Agency Securities Inc. |
10.7*
|
|
Form of Restricted Common Stock Award Agreement |
10.8*
|
|
Form of Stock Option Award Agreement |
23.1*
|
|
Consent of Clifford Chance US LLP (included in Exhibit 5.1) |
23.2*
|
|
Consent of Clifford Chance US LLP (included in Exhibit 8.1) |
23.3**
|
|
Consent of Grant Thornton LLP |
24.1** |
|
Power of Attorney of Donald R. Ramon (included on signature page to this registration statement) |
24.2 |
|
Power of Attorney of Richard J. King, G. Mark Armour and Karen Dunn Kelley |
99.1
|
|
Consent of Independent Director
Nominee James S. Balloun |
99.2
|
|
Consent of Independent Director
Nominee John S. Day |
99.3
|
|
Consent of Independent Director
Nominee Neil Williams |
|
|
|
|
|
Filed previously. |
* |
|
To be filed by amendment. |
** |
|
Filed herewith. |
II-5